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NEWSPAPERS 337 of the most prominent journals during the lat- ter part of the restoration was the Globe, which counted among its contributors Guizot, Cousin, Jouffroy, and the duke de Broglie, and after- ward Remusat, Saint-Marc Girardin, and Oar- not. Many of its writers were brought into political prominence by the revolution of 1830, after which the Globe appeared for a few years as an organ of St. Simonism. The Constitu- tional, established in the early period of the restoration, opposed the elder Bourbons, and reflected in a great measure the views of as- piring and influential politicians of the high- er middle class and of the military and civil aristocracy created by Napoleon. Thiers and Mignet wrote largely for. this journal until toward the end of the restoration, when they found a more energetic outlet for their liberal opinions in the National; and shortly after the July revolution the Comtitutwnnel lost its political influence. The National, founded at the beginning of 1830, rapidly gained impor- tance through the influence of Louis Philippe, Talleyrand, LafStte, and other opponents of the elder branch of the Bourbons; and its first editoral staff comprised Thiers, Mignet, and Carrel. It contributed powerfully to the overthrow of the government of Charles X., soon after which it became, under the sole edi- torship of Carrel, equally opposed to that of his successor. Carrel was succeeded by Bas- tide, and the latter by Armand Marrast ; and the National took as prominent a part in the overthrow of Louis Philippe as it had in that of Charles X. The foundation in 1836 of the Presse, by Emile de Girardin, at 40 francs a year, half the price of the leading journals, called the cheap press into existence. A pow- erful means of the success of the Presse and of the Siecle, which also reduced its price to 40 francs, was the publication of novels in their feuilletons, for which the services of Eugene Sue, Alexandre Dumas, and other celebrated writers were enlisted at extravagant prices. The fortunes of the Constitutional were also revived under the editorship of Dr. Veron, by the reduction of its price, and by the publica- tion in its feuilletons of Le Juif errant, for which he paid Eugene Sue 100,000 francs. Sainte-Beuve was for a long time its literary critic. Under the direction of Veron, the Con- stitutionnel increased its circulation to upward of 20,000 ; and the general influence of the cheap press, and its handmaid the feuilleton, increased the aggregate of subscribers from 70,000 in 1835, when the number of the princi- Eal daily journals in Paris was 20, to 180,000 i 1845, when there were 26. The Siecle be- came the favorite paper of the lower middle classes, and reached in 1846 a circulation of upward of 40,000. Within three months after the revolution of 1848, about 400 new jour- nals sprang into existence, many of which were ultra socialistic or democratic. The principal organ of the moderate republicans was still the National, and of the more radical party the Reforme, founded by Godefroy Cavaignac and edited by Flocon. After June, 1848, the newspapers were again required to deposit se- curity and pay stamp duty, and many were consequently obliged to stop. The estimated daily circulation of newspapers in Paris in 1850 was: of republican organs, 129,000; Orlean- ist and legitimist, 83,000 ; Bonapartist, 65,000 ; total, 277,000. The coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, terminated the existence of the Natio- nal, as well as of many other liberal organs. The restrictions imposed under the second empire were extremely unfavorable to the growth of the French political press, and comparatively few new papers attained other than literary importance during the earlier years of Napoleon's rule. In 1853, instead of the former multitude of Parisian daily jour- nals, there were but 14 having the slightest importance ; of these the following are note- worthy : the Journal des Debate, Presse, Siecle, Constitutional, Pays, Patrie, Univers, Assem- blee nationale, Gazette de France, Union, and Charivari. The Moniteur was the official journal till 1869, when it was replaced by the Journal officiel. Of later origin than those just named were the Temps, France, Avenir national, Opinion nationale, Liberte, Courrier franfais, Epoque, National, Paris-Journal, the long prominent Gaulois, and the very suc- cessful Figaro. All of these met with some success and influence, though only the last has attained any remarkable permanent position. Nearly all were subjected to frequent prosecu- tions, and several were suppressed. It was only in the later years of the empire that the political press again became a formidable pow- er in France. Rochefort's Lanterne (1868), a weekly publication entirely devoted to attacks upon the emperor and his party, marks an epoch in the history of French journalism, and attained a most extraordinary success an'd influence. The Rappel, Cloche, Marseillaise, Journal de Paris, and many other political sheets sprang up and became involved in end- less difficulties with the government ; but their influence was great and their circulation in some cases phenomenal. The revolution of Sept. 4, 1870, had much the same influence upon the French press as that exercised by the proclamation of the republic in 1848; call- ing into existence a multitude of new papers, many of which attained considerable tempo- rary success in spite of the Prussian siege and the disturbed state of the capital. Such were the Verite, Constitution, Mot d'Ordre, Patrie en Danger, Bien public, and Soir. The communal insurrection, largely excited by and under the partial guidance of jour- nalists of the revolutionary order, gave rise to an immense number of popular journals, most of them of the most violent character; but only one or two survived the downfall of the commune. Prominent among them were the Cri du Peuple, Paris libre, Sociale, Bon- net Rouge, Commune, Affranchi, Reveil du