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484 NORMANBY NORRIS Haven, in 1816. Gov. Be Witt Clinton, in his message to the legislature of New York in 1825, recommended a seminary for teachers, and re- peated the recommendation the next year. During the next ten years the subject was agi- tated by well known writers and educators, in various periodicals. In 1838 Edmund D wight offered the sum of $10,000 for the purpose of establishing a normal school in Massachusetts, on condition that the state should appropriate an equal amount for the same purpose. Ac- cordingly the first normal school in America, that now established at Framingham, was opened at Lexington, July 3, 1839. Two oth- ers were soon opened, and five are now sup- ported by the state of Massachusetts. Near- ly every state in the Union now has one or more normal schools, chartered by the legis- lature, and generally sustained wholly or in part by annual appropriations. A few of them exist only as departments of the state uni- versities; most of them have model schools attached. Accounts of them will be found in the articles on the respective states. Normal schools under municipal management are also established in several of the larger cities of the United States. In 1873 there were in the United States 119 normal schools, with about 900 instructors and 17,000. students in course. There are also several in British America. NORMANBY, Constantine Henry Phipps, mar- quis of, an English statesman, born at Mul- grave castle, Yorkshire, May 15, 1797, died in South Kensington, July 28, 1863. He gradua- ted at Cambridge in 1818, and at once enter- ed parliament, where he advocated the Ro- man Catholic claims and seconded the reform bill. In 1831 he succeeded his father as earl of Mulgrave. In 183 2-' 3 he was governor of Jamaica, where he suppressed without blood- shed a dangerous insurrection of the soldiery, and carried out the emancipation act. He was made lord privy seal in 1834, and from 1835 to 1839 was lord lieutenant of Ireland. In 1838 he was created marquis of Normanby. After being for a few months in 1839 secretary of state for the colonies, hB was till 1841 sec- retary for the home department. From 1846 to 1852 he was ambassador at Paris, and from 1854 to 1858 at Florence. He published "A Year of Revolution," from his journal in Paris (2 vols., 1857), and several novels, among which are "Matilda" (1825) and "Yes and No " (1827). NORMANDY, an ancient N. W. province of France, extending along the English channel, from a point S. of the mouth of the Somme to the bay of Cancale, bounded N. and W. by the English channel, E. by Picardy and Isle- de-France (from which it was partly divided by the Bresle, the Epte, and the Eure), and S. by Perche, Maine, and Brittany, the upper Sarthe and the lower Couesnon forming a part of the dividing line. The province is mostly level and fertile, producing grain, flax, and fruit, and an excellent breed of horses ; the bays and rivers abound in fish. Rouen was the capital of the province and the chief town of the division of Upper Normandy, and Caen was the chief town of Lower Normandy. The early Gallic inhabitants were subdued by the Romans, who included the territory in the province of Gallia Lugdunensis Secunda. It was comprised within the limits of Neustria under the domination of the Merovingian kings, and received the name of Normandy from the Northmen, who occupied it in the beginning of the 10th century. In 912 Charles the Simple gave his sanction to the conquests made by the Northmen, and Rollo, their chief, received the title of duke of Normandy. The new duchy soon rose to be one of the most prosperous provinces of France. William the Bastard, son of Robert the Devil, sixth suc- cessor of Rollo, became in 1066 the conqueror and first Norman king of England. On his death (1087) England and Normandy were separated, the latter reverting to Robert Courteheuse, while William Ruf us seized upon the former. Henry I. Beauclerc ruled over both, but his daughter Matilda was only duchess of Normandy. Her son, Henry II., accomplished another reunion, which lasted until the reign of King John. This prince was summoned before the court of peers at Paris, as a vassal of the French king, on the charge of having murdered his nephew Arthur of Brittany, and sentenced to forfeit his duchy, which was seized immediately by King Philip Augustus ; but it was twice again held by the English, first under Edward III., and a second time, from 141 T to 1450, under Henry V. and Hen- ry VI. Under Charles VII. of France it was finally rescued from the English by Dunois ; and although the title of duke of Normandy was still occasionally used, the duchy thence- forth was an integral portion of the kingdom of France, and one of its most prosperous and enterprising provinces. In 1790 it was divided into the departments of Seine-Inf erieure, Eure, Calvados, Orne, and Manche. See " History of Normandy and of England," by Sir Francis Palgrave (4 vols., 1851-'64). Pugin, Turner, and other artists and writers have treated of the archaeological and architectural treasures of Normandy; while the picturesque charac- teristics of nature and of popular custom and life have been described by many writers, in- cluding Jules Janin, La Normandie (Paris, 1864) ; George Musgrave, " A Ramble through Normandy " (London, 1855) ; and J. F. Camp- bell, " Life in Normandy " (London, 1872). NORMANS. See NORTHMEN. NORRIS, John, an English clergyman, born at Collingborne-Kingston, Wiltshire, in 1657, died at Bemerton in 1711. He graduated at Exeter college, Oxford, in 1680, and became a disciple of Malebranche. His first original work, entitled "An Idea of Happiness" (1683), at once gave him a position in the ranks of the Platonic divines of the 17th century. The Rye house plot of 1683 led him to attack the whigs