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44 MUNICH upward of 90 metopes, adorned with figures of Victory and with reliefs symbolical of the arts and occupations of civilized society. The principal squares and streets are adorned with monuments of Bavarian monarchs, some of them of colossal size, especially the equestrian statute of Louis I. on the Odeon square, and that of Maximilian II., erected in 1874. Goethe, Schiller, Gluck, and other eminent men are likewise honored here by monuments; and among the most recent are those of Liebig and Kaulbach. In the southern cemetery and the adjoining new cemetery are also interest- ing monuments ; the former contains a house (Leichenhaus) for funeral exposition of the dead, and the latter has a fine campo santo, in the mediaeval Lombard style, consisting of a large square enclosure, surrounded by an elegant structure of brick. The opera house of Munich, the concerts in the Odeon and other places, and the conservatory of music are among the best in Germany; the royal school of music was attended in 1874-'5 by 59 female and 45 male pupils. There are sev- eral theatres for dramatic performances, the most recent being the Volkstheater for popu- lar plays and also for operettas. There were seven railway stations in 1874. The lines to Paris and Vienna and to Italy form here a main junction, making Munich a great centre of travel, especially in summer, and of increasing trade and industry. In 1874 there were near- ly 200 manufactories of various articles. The most celebrated establishments are the brewer- ies ; the royal bronze f ounderies, where Craw- ford's statues of Beethoven and Washington, and the doors of the capitol at Washington, were cast ; the royal glass and porcelain works, Maffei's manufactory of machinery, Mann- hardt's of steeple clocks, and Ertl's of techno- logical instruments (which was founded by Keichenbach) ; Fraunhofer's and Utzschn ei- der's optical works, continued by Marz and sons ; and photographic and xylographic estab- lishments. The staple article of trade is grain, and there are two great annual fairs (Dulten). Granaries, a cattle market, and an abattoir have been built near the railway stations, where new establishments spring up in increasing numbers. Munich was originally a settlement of monks (Monche whence the name, which was first mentioned early in the 12th century ; and Henry the Lion raised the Villa Municha to some im- portance (1158). It became the residence of the dukes of the house of Wittelsbach, and was much enlarged after its destruction by fire in 1327, and endowed with many public buildings by Duke William the Pious (1579-1596) and the duke and elector Maximilian I. (1596-1651). On May 17, 1632, it was taken by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, and held for some time. Under Charles Theodore (1777-'99) Munich was greatly improved and enlarged. It was entered by a division of the French army under Moreau in June, 1800, and in October, 1805, by Napoleon, who again visited the city MUNK in January, 1806, on occasion of the marriage of Eugene de Beauharnais. Munich from an inferior town has risen under the fostering care of King Maximilian I. (died in 1825), and particularly under that of his son Louis I., to the rank of an important capital. While still crown prince Louis ordered the building of the Glyptothek and of other public works, and he contributed most powerfully to invest Munich with its present splendor, and con- tinued his exertions for the embellishment of the capital even after his abdication in 1848. Under his son Maximilian II. arose the magnificent street and bridge which bear his name, and many remarkable institutions and works of art. His influence on science was great, and he gave to the university the benefit of the services of Liebig and other eminent men, and encouraged poets and liter- ary men generally. The present king, Louis II., is chiefly interested in music, but proposed in 1874 to endow Munich with a palace and museum after the model of Versailles. MCNJEET, the commercial name for the root of an East India plant, rubia munjista, or ac- cording to some of R. cordifolia, used for the same purposes as madder. The roots are of similar appearance to those of madder, but are thinner and much longer, and are found in commerce in bundles 2 or 3 ft. long, and as thick as one's wrist. The coloring principle appears to be alizarine, and, as in madder, this is convertible into garancine, for which pur- pose the roots are used in Europe. Munjeet dyes a very bright scarlet. MUNK, Salomon, a French orientalist, born of Jewish parents in Glogau, Prussian Silesia, May 14, 1805, died in Paris, Feb. 6, 1867. He was educated in Berlin and Bonn, and after- ward studied the oriental languages in Paris. In 1835 he visited the university of Oxford, with a view of collecting materials for an edi- tion in the original Arabic text in Hebrew let- ters of the celebrated work of Maimonides, Moreh nebu&him (" Guide of the Perplexed "), which he published with a French translation and notes under the title of Le guide des egares (3 vols., 1856-'66). In 1840 he was appointed deputy custodian of the oriental manuscripts in the royal library of Paris. In the same year he accompanied Sir Moses Montefiore and Cr6- mieux to Egypt, where he secured many in- teresting Arabic manuscripts. In 1852 failing eyesight compelled him to relinquish his office in the library, but, with the assistance of friends, he still pursued his studies. In 1865, though entirely blind, he was appointed professor of the Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Syriac languages in the college de France. He wrote Palestine, description geographique, historique et archeo* logique (Paris, 1845, included in Didot's DniverS pittoresque). A portion of his contributions to the Dictionnaire des sciences ptiilosopliiques, on Arabic and Hebrew philosophy, has been translated into German under the title of PUlo- sopMe und philosopJiiscJie ScJiriften der Juden