Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XII.djvu/680

666 ORANGE ORANGEMEN dlery and harness, 3 flour mills, and 6 saw mills. Capital, Paoli. ORANGE, a city of Essex co., New Jersey, on the Morris and Essex division of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western railroad, 3 m. N. W. of Newark, and 12 m. W. of New York ; pop. in 1870, 9,348. As often used in a general sense, the name includes, besides the city, the township of East Orange (pop. in 1870, 4,315) and portions of the townships of South Orange (pop. 2,963) and West Orange (pop. 2,106), composing the original township of Orange, set off from Newark in 1806. The average altitude of Orange and East Orange is about 160 ft. above tide. Their surface is gently rolling, and is drained by small tributaries of the Passaic and Raritan rivers. A succession of parallel swells, running N. E. and S. W., affords a variety of fine building sites, termi- nating at West Orange in Orange mountain, which has a uniform height of about 650 ft., with a broad crest available for residences. On its E. slope is Llewellyn park (50 acres), which is governed by an association of its residents, and under certain restrictions is open to the public. The region is very healthy, and is a favorite place of residence for people doing business in New York. The city has a police force and a paid fire department, and the prin- cipal streets are paved and lighted with gas. In the N. part is the beautiful Rosedale ceme- tery of 50 acres. The manufacture of hats and shoes is the chief industry. There are four weekly newspapers (one German). Horse cars run to Newark. Within the limits of the original township there are six railroad sta- tions, a national and two savings banks, seven hotels, two post offices, six public school build- ings, two public libraries, a hospital, an orphan asylum, and 22 churches. At South Orange are Seton Hall college and ecclesiastical semi- nary (Roman Catholic), the former having in 1874-'5 20 instructors, 100 pupils, and a library of 8,000 volumes, and the latter 4 professors and 34 students. The township of Orange re- ceived a town charter in 1860, and in the three following years East Orange and parts of South Orange and West Orange were set off. The town of Orange became a city in 1872. ORANGE (anc. Arausio), a town of France, in the department of Vaucluse, formerly capi- tal of the principality of Orange, about 3 m. E. of the Rh6ne and 13 m. N. of Avignon; pop. in 1866, 10,622. The streets are narrow, but the town is pretty well built, has fine foun- tains, and contains a cathedral and several other churches. There are also Roman re- mains, the most important of which is a tri- umphal arch 60 ft. high. Linen, cotton, and silk are manufactured, and there is trade in corn, wine, oil, and dyestuffs. ORANGE, Principality of, formerly an inde- pendent seigniory of S. E. France, 12 m. long by 9 broad, now included in the department of Vaucluse. Its origin is traced to the time of Charlemagne, and it was held in succession by four houses: 1, that of Giraud-Adhemar, which became extinct in 1174; 2, that of Baux, which ruled it till 1393; 3, that of Chalons, which ended in 1530 with the celebrated Phili- bert, one of the greatest generals of the age; 4, that of Nassau-Dillenburg, which acquired full possession in 1570, and kept it until the death of William III., king of England, without issue, in 1702. Many competitors claimed the vacant estate, Frederick I. of Prussia and Prince John William Friso of Nassau-Dietz being the foremost. Each of the several pretenders as- sumed the title of prince of Orange ; but after a protracted contest the principality was ceded to France by the treaty of Utrecht (1713), and has since been a part of that country. The princes of Nassau-Dietz nevertheless were al- lowed to style themselves princes of Orange, and since their accession to the throne of Hol- land that title is given to the heir apparent. ORANGEBURG, a S. W. county of South Carolina, between the Santee and Congaree rivers on the N. E. and the Edisto on the S. W., drained by the North Edisto and other streams; area, about 900 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 16,865, of whom 11,156 were colored. The surface is uneven ; the soil is moderately fer- tile. It is traversed by the South Carolina railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 8,286 bushels of wheat, 263,739 of Indian corn, 31,846 of sweet potatoes, 6,449 bales of cotton, and 952,378 Ibs. of rice. There were 1,527 horses, 1,077 mules and asses, 2,521 milch cows, 5,754 other cattle, 2,973 sheep, and 15,009 swine. Capital, Orangeburg Court House. ORANGEMEN, a secret political society of the British empire, whose official designation in its own records is u The Loyal Orange Institu- tion." It is composed exclusively of Prot- estants, and its professed objects are to sup- port and defend the reigning sovereign of Great Britain, the Protestant religion, the laws of the country, the legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland, and the succession to the throne in the present royal family so long as it remains Protestant. They associate also in honor of King William III., prince of Orange, whose name they bear, " as supporters of his glorious memory." Members are admitted by ballot, six sevenths of the votes cast being necessary to admission. Every member must belong to a subordinate lodge, and can only be admitted on proof that he is a Protestant of known loyalty and over 18 years of age. The association is divided into five orders or de- grees, the first of which is the orange, and the fifth and highest the scarlet degree. The officers of the lodge must be of the scarlet degree, and consist of a master, deputy mas- ter, secretary, treasurer, and five committee- men, who hold office for one year. Any member who marries a Roman Catholic must be forthwith expelled. Three or more subor- dinate lodges constitute a district lodge, of which the officers bear the same titles as the officers of the lower lodges with the prefix