Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XII.djvu/681

ORANGEMEN ORANG-OUTANG 667 of "district." The district lodge meets four times in a year. Next above the district lodges are the county grand lodges, whose officers bear the titles already enumerated with the prefix of "grand," and are elected by the officers of the district lodges in the county. The county grand lodge meets twice a year. Finally there is in each of the three kingdoms of Great Britain and in Wales a grand lodge, which meets twice a year, and consists of the above mentioned " grand " offi- cers, and of a grand committee elected by the officers of the county grand lodges ; and these grand officers also constitute the imperial grand lodge, at the head of which is the grand mas- ter of the empire, "who is its chief and su- preme head. His office is permanent and uncontrolled." There are also grand lodges in the principal colonies. A collateral order called the " Grand Black Order of Orange- men," or "Royal Black Knights of the Camp of Israel," exists within, but separate from, the Orange institution, to which no person is admitted who has not taken the higher de- grees of the exterior society, or who does not profess to believe in the holy Trinity. Its grand, county, district, and subordinate lodges are called chapters and preceptories, and the individual members are called knights. The Orange institution was founded in the north of Ireland in 1795, ostensibly to counteract the Roman Catholic secret associations called " the defenders " or " ribbonmen." These two op- posite associations were soon involved in fierce hostility with each other, and nearly all the peasantry belonged to one or the other. When- ever the opposite factions met in any consid- erable numbers, insults were exchanged and riots often ensued. The law was powerless against them, because witnesses were intimi- dated, and jurymen sometimes refused to con- vict culprits belonging to their own order. In 1828 immense assemblages of the Orangemen and of the "Catholic association" gathered tu- multuously in the north of Ireland, and blood was shed. In 1829 the Orange celebration of the anniversary of the battle of the Boyne, July 12, caused bloody conflicts, and the mili- tary with difficulty suppressed the disturbances. In 1835 a parliamentary investigation detected Orange lodges in 34 regiments of the army; and in 1836 the imperial grand master, the duke of Cumberland, was compelled to dis- solve the institution in Ireland. It was revived in 1845, and is still extensively diffused in the British islands, though its processions are there forbidden by law. It was introduced into British America in 1829, and in 1861 it had 1,200 lodges and about 150,000 members. Its processions there are not illegal, and its politi- cal influence is very great. Much excitement was occasioned by the attempt in 1860 to com- pel the prince of Wales during his progress through the provinces to recognize the order and to pass under its arches and banners, a recognition steadfastly refused by the prince and his suite. In 1871 the Orangemen of New York and its vicinity celebrated the 12th of July by a procession which was escorted by the police and by a considerable body of mi- litia. Some Irish Catholics attacked the pro- cession as it passed through 8th avenue, and were repulsed by the military with the loss of about 60 lives among the assailants. ORANGE RIVER. See CAPE COLONY. ORANGE RIVER REPUBLIC. See BOEES. ORMG-OCTMG (pithecus, Geoffr., or simia, Linn, and Illig.), the common name of the large tailless anthropoid apes of S. E. Asia and the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. Some details have been given regarding the orangs under APE and CHIMPANZEE. The orang most commonly seen in menageries is the P. saty- rus (Geoffr.), of which the adult has been de- scribed as the P. WurmMi, the pongo of au- thors and the mias of the natives of Borneo. The pongo or adult orang is more powerful and less anthropoid than the chimpanzee (troglodytes niger, Geoffr.); it represents in Asia the gorilla of Africa, and varies in height from 5 to 7 ft. The forehead is contracted, sloping directly backward, with no projecting superciliary ridges ; the occiput is flattened, the canines large, jaws powerful, zygornatic arches strong and expanded, and cranial ridges largely developed ; the crown is less flat than in the chimpanzee; the brain cavity of the adult is very little larger than at the period of the first permanent molars, the greater size of the cranium depending on a thickening of the walls and the development of the temporal ridges ; the latter commence at the external angular process of the frontal bone, and pass upward, inward, and backward to meet at the Orang-outang (Pithecus satyrus). junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures, the two including a smooth triangular portion of the frontal ; the interparietal crest is about half an inch high, as in the large carnivora, dividing at the vertex, and passing behind the lambdoidal suture to the mastoid ridge,