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ULPIAN ULSTER 105 place in the Swabian diet. In the 15th cen- tury it had more than 50,000 inhabitants, be- sides 40,000 in the adjoining territory, then belonging to the town. Its wealth became proverbial, but the strategical importance of Ulm involved it in nearly all great German wars. In 1803 it was annexed to Bavaria. The Austrian general Mack surrendered here to Napoleon, Oct. 20, 1805, with his entire army of 23,000 men. Subsequently it was re- stored to Bavaria, and in 1810 it was allotted to Wurtemberg, the former country retaining only the village of Neu-Ulm, on the opposite bank of the Danube. The extensive fortifica- tions of Ulm are situated partly in Wurtem- berg, partly in Bavarian territory. ULPIAN (DoMixius ULPIANUS), a Roman ju- rist, assassinated at Rome, A. D. 228. He was of Tyrian origin, and during the reigns of Sep- timius Severus and Caracalla wrote juristical works. When Elagabalus ascended the throne in 218 he was banished, but in 222 he became one of the chief advisers of Alexander Severus, who made him Scriniorum magiater, consilia- rius, and prcefectus annonce. He also held the office of praetorian prefect. He was killed by the soldiers in the presence of the emperor and his mother. Ulpian was one of the most distinguished of the Roman jurists, and from his works were taken about one third of the excerpts made for Justinian's Digest. ULRICI, Hermann, a German philosopher, born at Pforten, Lusatia, March 23, 1806. He was educated at Halle and Berlin, and practised law for some time, but in 1829 devoted him- self to philosophical studies, and in 1834 be- came professor at Halle. He was also one of the joint editors of the ZeitscJirift fur Philo- sophie. His position in philosophy is inde- pendent, and he strives to mediate between realism and idealism. His works include Oe- sehiehte der hellenischen Dichtkunst (2 vols., Berlin, 1835); Ueber Shakspeare's dramatische Kunst (Halle, 1839; 3d ed., 1868; English translation by A. I. W. Morrison, London, 1846) ; Ueber Princip und Methode der HegeV- schen Philosophic (1841) ; Das Grundprincip der Philosophic (Leipsic, 1845-'6) ; System der LogiTc (1852) ; Olauben und Wissen, speculative und exacte Wissenschaft (1858) ; Compendium der Logik (1860 ; enlarged ed., 1872) ; Gott und die Natur (1862 ; 2d ed., 1866) ; Gott und der Mensch (1866 et seq.) Zur logischen Frage (Halle, 1870) ; and Der Philosoph &riwtf(1878). ULSTER, a S. E. county of New York, bounded E. by the Hudson river, and drained by the Esopus, Rondout, and Wallkill creeks ; area, 1,204 sq. m. ; pop. in 1875, 88,271. The surface is broken by the Catskill and Shawan- gunk ridges, and the soil is generally best adapted to grazing. Iron ore, limestone, slate, and marl are found, and there are indications of the existence of coal, lead, plumbago, and alum. Large quantities of flagging stone are exported. The Delaware and Hudson canal passes through it, and it is also intersected by the New York, Kingston, and Syracuse rail- road. The chief productions in 1870 were 42,532 bushels of wheat, 107,502 of rye, 394,- 004 of Indian corn, 447,837 of oats, 132,515 of buckwheat, 688,435 of potatoes, 1,631,956 Ibs. of butter, 41,595 of wool, and 97,995 tons of hay. There were 8,928 horses, 17,640 milch cows, 12,597 other cattle, 14,119 sheep, and 14,070 swine. There were 690 manufacturing establishments; capital invested, $4,938,201; value of products, $10,213,187. The principal manufactories were 54 of carriages and wagons, 3 of hubs and wagon material, 10 of bricks, 11 of cement, 13 of cooperage, 2 of edge tools and axes, 14 of furniture,! of glass ware, 9 of iron, 3 of lime, 4 of machinery, 7 of marble and stone work, 1 of paints, 4 of paper, 5 of wool- lens, 38 saw mills, 6 breweries, 15 tanneries, and 34 flour mills. Capital, Kingston. ULSTER, one of the four provinces of Ireland, constituting the N. part of the island, bounded W. and N. by the Atlantic ocean, E. by the North channel and Irish sea, S. E. by Leinster, and S. W. by Connaught ; area, about 8,550 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 1,830,398, nearly half of them Protestants. It is divided into the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry, Monaghan, and Ty- rone. The coasts are generally rugged and in- dented by numerous bays and harbors, the chief of which are Carlingford bay, Dundrum bay, Strangford lough, Belfast lough, Lough Larne, Lough Foyle, Lough Swilly, Mulroy bay, Sheep Haven, and Donegal bay. The principal rivers are the Erne, Foyle, Bann, and Lagan. A considerable part of the surface is mountainous, and two chains traverse the province from E. to W., the highest peaks being in the counties of Donegal and Down ; Errigal in the former and Slieve Donard in the latter are respectively 2,460 and 2,796 ft. high. Be- tween these ranges is an extensive tract of un- dulating ground, near the centre of which is Lough Neagh. Other large lakes are Upper and Lower Lough Erne, and Loughs Melvin, Shee- lin, Oughter, Derg, Esk, and Veagh. Ulster is the seat of the Irish linen manufacture, which supports about one fourth of the popu- lation. Cotton is extensively manufactured in Belfast and vicinity. Internal communication is facilitated by railways and canals, and nu- merous excellent roads. Ulster was partly conquered and held as an earldom tinder Henry II. by John de Courcy, from whom it was transferred to Hugh de Lacy ; and by descent from him, through the De Burgh and Mortimer families, the title was merged in the crown of England under Edward IV. James L colo- nized Ulster with Scotch and English Protestant settlers, to whom he gave grants of land in lots of 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 acres. The in- surrection of 1641 was to overthrow these Protestant settlements. Several towns were taken, the country was devastated, many thou- sand lives were sacrificed, and it was not till 1649 that the rebellion was completely quelled.