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812 VERMONT only two incorporated cities in the state : Bur- lington, which in 1870 had 14,387 inhabitants, and Vergennes, with a population of 1,570. The capital, Montpelier, had in 1870 a popula- tion of 3,023. There are 241 towns, the most important of which are Bennington, Brandon, Brattleboro, Castleton, Colchester, Fairhaven, State Seal of Vermont. Middlebury, Northfield, Rockingham, Rutland, St. Albans, St. Johnsbury, Springfield, Water- bury, Windsor, and Woodstock. The popula- tion of the state, according to the decennial censuses, has been as follows : YEARS. Whit*. Colored. ToUl. IUnk. 1790 85,154 271 85,425 12 1800 158,908 557 154,465 18 1810 217,145 750 217,895 15 1820 235,0(5.3 903 235.966 16 1830 279,771 831 2*0,652 17 1840 291,218 780 -'].: I- 21 1850 818,402 718 814,120 23 1860 814,869 709 815,098 2S 1870... 829.013 924 830.551 80 Included in the total of 1870 are 23 Indians, and 20 in that of 1860. Of the total popula- tion in 1870, 165,721 were males and 164,830 females; 283,396 were native and 47,155 for- eign born. Of those of native birth, 243,272 were born in the state, 9,202 in Massachusetts, 13,540 in New Hampshire, and 11,297 in New York. Of the foreigners, 28,544 were born in British America, 1,946 in England, 14,080 in Ireland, and 1,240 in Scotland. The density of population was 32'37 persons to a square mile. There were 70,462 families, with an average of 4-69 persons to each, and 66,145 dwellings, with an average of 5 to each. Be- tween 1860 and 1870 there was an increase of 4-90 per cent, in the total population. There were 89,831 persons from 5 to 18 years of age, 62,459 males from 18 to 45, and 74,867 male citizens 21 years old and upward. Thftro were 15,185 persons 10 years of age and over unable to read, and 17,706 who could not write, of whom 13,804 were foreign born. The number of illiterates 21 years old and over was 13,394. The number of paupers supported during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 2,008, at a cost of $178,628. Of the number (1,785) receiving support at that date, 523 were foreigners. The number of persons convicted of crime during the year was 139, and there were 193 in prison at the close of the year. The state contained 189 blind, 148 deaf and dumb, 721 insane, and 325 idiotic. Of the total population (258,751) 10 years of age and over, there were engaged in all occu- pations 108,768; in agriculture 57,983, of whom 23,692 were laborers and 34,144 farm- ers; in professional and personal services, 21,- 032, including 591 clergymen, 9,588 domestic servants, 6,426 laborers, 72 lawyers, 569 phy- sicians and surgeons, and 1,895 teachers; in trade and transportation, 7,132 ; and in manu- factures and mechanical and mining indus- tries, 22,616. The total number of deaths was 3,545, or 1'07 per cent, of the population. There were 715 deaths from consumption, there being 5 deaths from all causes to one from that disease ; from pneumonia, 225 deaths, or 15*8 deaths from all causes to one from that disease ; cholera infantum, 105 ; diphtheria and scarlet fever, 115; enteric fever, 221; dysentery, 103. The surface of the state is greatly diversified by hills and valleys, gentle acclivities, elevated plateaus, and mountains of considerable height. The Green mountain range extends through the state from its S. lino in a northerly direction to the vicinity of lat. 44, where it divides into two chains, one of which continues N. by E. to the Canada line, while the other turning N. E. extends to the Now Hampshire line, where it joins that of Canada. (See GREEK MOUNTAINS.) These mountains are not generally granitic, and their rounded grassy summits offer a striking con- trast to the lofty, bare, and jagged peaks of the White mountains. There are considerable quantities of cultivated land at an elevation of 2,000 to 2,500 ft. above tide water. The E. part of the state is drained by the affluents of the Connecticut; the most important of these are the Passumpsic, Wells, White, Black, West, and Deorfield rivers, the last named lying chief- ly in Massachusetts. The Connecticut itself, forming the entire boundary line between Ver- mont and New Hampshire, belongs wholly to the latter state. The streams on the W. side of the state discharge their waters into Lake Champlain ; the most important are Otter creek, Winooski or Onion river, a beautiful stream with abundant water power, and the Lamoille and Missisquoi rivers. Two or three small streams fall into Lake Memphremagog on the Canada border, the S. part of which is in the state. There are numerous small lakes, the principal of which are Lakes Willoughby, Maidstone, Seymour, Dunraore, Austin, and Bombazine. Long pond, or as it is now com- monly called " Runaway pond," was formerly situated between two hills on the height of land dividing the watershed in the towns of Glover and Greensborough, and was one of the sources