Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XVI.djvu/48

TUNSTALL It is very active and voracious, feeding on her- ring and the small migratory species. Tunnies are very abundant at the E. and W. ends of the Mediterranean, and in its narrowest portions generally, approaching the shores in summer in large shoals for the purpose of spawning ; at this time they are captured in large nets arranged in a funnel-like form. The flesh is highly esteemed, almost like meat, as firm as that of the sturgeon, but finer flavored. It is found also in the Atlantic and in the North sea. The principal fishery of the present time is carried on in Sicily and Sardinia. The American tunny (T. secundo-dorsalis, Storer), called also horse mackerel and albicore, attains a length of 9 to 12 ft. ; it is nearly black above, silvery on the sides, and white below; gill covers and pectorals silvery gray ; iris golden ; ventrals black above and white below ; finlets mostly yellow; the second dorsal is much higher than the first, anal further back than in the European tunny, and the pectorals are shorter. It is found from New York to Nova Scotia, coming into Massachusetts bay about the middle of June and remaining through Sep- tember ; it gets very fat by the end of August, and is then valuable for the oil, which is OD- tained by boiling the head and the abdomen ; American Tunny (Thynnus secundo-dorsalls). a single fish yields about 20 gallons ; it is taken by the harpoon, and is active, strong, and tena- cious of life ; it feeds on menhaden and other small shoal fish ; its flesh, which is rarely used here except for mackerel bait, resembles lean pork, with a fine mackerel taste. The tunny of the tropics (T. pelamys, Cuv.), with other allied genera of the family, has been described under BONITO. TONSTALL, or Tonstall, Cnthbert, an English prelate, born at Hatchford, Yorkshire, in 1474 or 1475, died at Lambeth palace, Nov. 18, 1559. He was educated at Oxford and Cambridge, became a fellow of the latter university, and then studied at Padua. He became rector of Harrow-on-the-Hill in 1511, and in 1515 arch- deacon of Chester. In 1516 he was appointed master of the rolls, and sent as commissioner to Brussels, where he concluded two treaties with Charles I. of Spain (afterward Charles V.), and became acquainted with Erasmus. In 1521 he was made dean of Salisbury, in 1522 bishop of London, and in 1523 lord privy seal ; and he was twice ambassador to Spain and France. In 1530 he was translated to the bish- opric of Durham. He soon after resigned the privy seal, but he remained bishop through all the changes made by Henry VIII. and Edward TUPELO VI and also had a place in the councils of state, till October, 1552, when he was deprived of his bishopric and committed to the tower. Mary reinstated him, but declining the oath of supremacy on Elizabeth's accession, he was again deprived in July, 1559, and remained the guest of Parker, archbishop of Canterbury, till his death. His works include In Laudem Ma- trimonii (4to, London, 1518) ; De Arte Suppu- tandi Libri IV. (4to, 1522), a treatise on arith- metic, often reprinted ; " Compendium and Sy- nopsis," an abridgment of Aristotle's " Ethics" (8vo, Paris, 1554); "A Defence of Predesti- nation" (4to, Antwerp, 1555); and a volume of prayers (8vo, 1558). TUOLCMNE, an E. county of California, bounded N. by the Stanislaus river and E. by the Sierra Nevada mountains, and drained by the Tuolumne river; area, 1,944 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 8,150, of whom 1,524 were Chinese. The surface is level in the W. part, and in the E. mountainous and covered with excellent timber, which is largely exported ; the soil of the valleys is very fertile. It was formerly one of the most important mining counties of the state, and mining is still carried on to a considerable extent. The chief productions in 1870 were 21,920 bushels of wheat, 7,995 of barley, 5,260 of potatoes, 48,525 Ibs. of wool, 26,760 of butter, 51,51)0 gallons of wine, and 5,132 tons of hay. There were 1,283 horses, 1,681 milch cows, 2,849 other cattle, 80,117 sheep, and 4,266 swine; 6 breweries, 5 saw mills, and 8 quartz mills. Capital, Sonora. TUOMEY, Michael, an American geologist, born in Cork, Ireland, Sept. 29, 1805, died in Tus- caloosa, Ala., March 20, 1857. He early emi- grated to the United States, and in 1835 gradu- ated at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute, Troy, N. Y. In 1844 he was appointed state geologist of South Carolina, in 1847 professor of geology, mineralogy, and agricultural chem- istry in the university of Alabama, and in 1848 state geologist. He published a "Report on the Geology of South Carolina" (4to, Colum- bia, 1848); "First Biennial Report on the Ge- ology of Alabama" (8vo, Tuscaloosa, 1850); and, -with Prof. F. S. Holmes, "Fossils of South Carolina" (4to, parts i.-x., Charleston, 1855-'7). TUPELO, a name given by some tribes of In- dians to species of ni/ssa, especially N. multi- flora ; this is also called sour gum and black gum, and is described, together with the char- acters of the genus, under the latter title. There is much confusion among the species, as they are very variable ; there are at least four in the United States and one or two in the Himalaya mountains and other eastern locali- ties. The one above referred to is the most common. The large or one-flowered tupelo (N. uniftora) is found from Virginia and Ken- tucky southward, often growing in the water ; the bark is very corky, and the wood so light that sections of the branches and roots are used as floats for seines ; its large leaves, 4 to 12 in. long, are often heart-shaped at base;