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TUPl-GUARANlS TUPPER 41 the fertile flowers are solitary ; the blue fruit an inch or more long. A more southern species is the water tupelo (N. aquaticd), which grows in the pine-barren swamps of North Carolina, and extends southward and westward ; it oc- curs both as a mere shrub and as a large tree, with smaller leaves and fruit than those of the common N~. multiflora, or black gum. A fourth species is known as the Ogeechee lime (jV. capitata), a small tree found near the coast in Georgia and Florida ; its sterile flowers are capitate, or in a head, and the solitary fertile ones are succeeded by a red fruit, an inch or more long, quite acid, but eatable, and in re- quest for making preserves. TUPi-GUARANIS, a widely extended family of Indians in South America, embracing the Gua- ranis proper in Paraguay, among whom the Jesuits established their famous missions de- scribed by Muratori and Charlevoix ; the east- ern Guaranis or Tupis in Brazil, consisting of a vast number of tribes chiefly on the coast ; the northern Guaranis, near the Orinoco ; the cen- tral Guaranis or Chiriguanes, in the northern part of the Gran Chaco; and the Omaguas or western Guaranis, in the district of Quito. These last were numerous, warlike, and pow- erful, and were regarded by other tribes as a peculiarly noble race. They refused to receive missionaries, and at one time carried on a fierce war against the viceroy of Peru. The Tupis and Guaranis proper were mild and un- warlike, falling a prey to the cannibal Aym- bores and to the Portuguese, who invaded their towns to reduce them to slavery. The Guaranis had not the conception of a Great Spirit common to the tribes in the northern part of the continent. They were never civilized except by the Jesuit system of reductions, in which they were kept in a kind of tutelage, or by their enrolment in the Brazilian army. In some respects they differed from other Amer- ican tribes and resembled natives of the Pacific islands. The Mandrucus, a Guarani tribe who fled northward from the Portuguese, build houses like the Dyaks, and like them dry and preserve the heads of their enemies ; the blowpipe of the Amazon and of Borneo are the same ; the Purupurus of the Amazon have the throwing stick of the Australians; while bamboo baskets and boxes from the Amazon can scarcely be distinguished from those of Borneo and Papua. During the flourishing period of the Paraguay missions in 1732, the Christian Guaranis numbered 144,000, but in 1742 they had lost 50,000 by European dis- eases. The Portuguese in 1750 claimed and obtained seven missions, which were at once abandoned by the Indians. The suppression of the Jesuits was a deathblow to the mis- sions, and the Indians soon dwindled away. The Portuguese had from the first enslaved them, exterminating whole villages and com- pelling others to emigrate. The most remark- able exodus was that of the Tupinambas and Tamoyas, who under Jappy Assu emigrated from their southern homes and settled 3,000 m. off on the Amazon, where they are known as the Mandrucus. In all Brazil there are only 19,000 Indians reported at the present time. The Chiriguanes and Omaguas hold their own better, but have gradually disap- peared from Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecua- dor. The original seat of the Guaranis is in doubt ; some think, from the higher character of the Omaguas and Chiriguanes, that they were the original stock, but their language is evidently but a dialect, less perfect in its struc- ture and vocabulary than that of the Guaranis on the southeast. The beauty of this language is extolled by many investigators of American linguistics. The standard grammar and vo- cabulary of the Guarani are the Tesoro de la lengua Guarani, by Padre Antonio Ruiz de Montoya (Madrid, 1639), and Arte y vocabu- lario, by the same (1640). The lingoa geral of Brazil is based on the Tupi, a Guarani dia- lect. As to it see Diccionario da lingoa Tupy, chamada lingoa geral, by Dias (Leipsic, 1858), and Chrestomathia Lingua BrazillcoB, by Dr. Franco (Leipsic, 1859). TUPPER, Martin Farqubar, an English author, born in London, July 17, 1810. He graduated at Oxford in 1832, and in 1835 was admitted to the bar, but has never practised. His " Proverbial Philosophy, a Book of Thoughts and Arguments originally treated" (1838; 2d series, 1842; 3d series, 1867), brought him into immediate popularity, and, in spite of much contemptuous criticism, has passed through numerous editions, and been trans- lated into several languages. In 1845 he was elected a fellow of the royal society, and he has received the Prussian gold medal for sci- ence and art. His numerous succeeding works include " A Modern Pyramid to commemorate a Septuagint of Worthies" (1839), a series of sonnets and essays on 70 celebrated men and women ; " An Author's Mind " (1841), con- taining plans of 30 unpublished works ; " The Crock of Gold," " Heart, a Social Novel," and " Twins, a Domestic Novel " (1844) ; " Proba- bilities, an Aid to Faith" (1847); " Hacte- nus, a Budget of Lyrics" (1848); "Surrey, a Rapid Review of its Principal Persons and Places " (1849) ; " King Alfred's Poems in English Metre " (1850) ; " Farley Heath " (1851) ; " Hymns for all Nations, in Thirty Languages" (1851); "Ballads for the Times" (1851); "Heart, a Tale" (1853); " Proba- bilities" (1854) ; "Lyrics" (1855); "Stephen Langton " (1858) ; " Three Hundred Son- nets " (1860) ; " Rides and Reveries of Mr. sop Smith" (1861); " Cithara, a Volume of Lyrics" (1863); "Alfred," a play (1865); " Raleigh," a play (1866) ; " Our Canadian Dominion ; Half a Dozen Ballads about a King for Canada," and "Twenty-one Protes- tant Ballads" (1868). In 1875 he wrote a play founded upon incidents of the American revolution, and introducing Washington and contemporary characters. In 1851 Mr. Tup-