WINCHELL
WINDER
and Jones ville railroad route in Michigan, 1855;
was director of the state geological survej', 1859-
61 and 1869-71; surveyed the grand transverse
region of Michigan, 1866, and was associated with
the geological survey of Minnesota, 1886-87. The
honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred upon
him by Weslej^an university in 1867. He was a
member, fellow and vice-president of the Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science;
vice-president of the Geological Society of Amer-
ica, and a corresponding or lionorary member of
most of the scientific academies and societies of
the United States and of many in Europe. By
liis investigations he established the Marshall
group in American geology, seven new genera
and three liundred and four new specimens, most
of which were fossil, his name being given to
fourteen of the new species. His bibliography,
embracing 200 titles, several of them geological re-
ports, includes: TJieological Geology {\S5~); Gene-
alogy of tlte Family of Winchell in America
(1869); Sketches of Creation (1870); A Geological
Chart (1870): The Modern Uyiivei^sity, inaugural
address as chancellor of Syracuse (1873); Tlic
Geology of the Stars (1873); Michigan (1873);
Tlie Doctrine of Evolution (1874); Reconciliation
of Science and Religion (1877); Preadmites (1880);
Si^arks from a Geologist's Hammer (1881); James
Craig Watson, biographical sketch (1881); World
Life, or Comparative Geology (1883); Geological
Excursions (1884); Geological Studies (1886), and
Walks and Talks in the Geological Field (1886).
He died in Ann Arbor, Mich., Feb, 19, 1891.
WINCHELL, Newton Horace, geologist, was born in North East, Duchess county, N.Y., Dec. 17. 1839; son of Horace and Caroline (McAllister) Winchell. He attended the schools and academy at Salisbury, Conn.; taught school in North East, N.Y., 1855-57, and in the latter year joined his brother, Alexander Winchell (q.v.) in Ann Arbor, Mich. He was employed on the geological sur- vey of Michigan. 1860; served as 2d lieutenant of the 1st Michigan volunteers, 1861; taught var- ious district schools; was superintendent .of pub- lic schools in St. Clair and Adrian, Mich., 1863- 65 and 1867-69, respectivelj', meanwhile being graduated from the University of Michigan, 1866. He was married, Aug. 24, 1864, to Char- lotte Sophia, daughter of Alonzo and Eunice Innis of Galesburg, Mich. He was assistant state geologist of Michigan, 1809-70; assistant of the geological svirvej' of Ohio, 1870-72, and state geologist of Minnesota, 1872-1900, also holding the professorship of mineralogy and geology in the University of Minnesota, 1872-99, and re- ceiving the honorary degree of A.M. from the University, 1867. Professor Winchell was a member of the U.S. assaj^ commission, 1887. and of the International congress of geologists,
1888; a fellow of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science; a founder and fel-
low of the Geological Society of America; an
organizer and president of the Minnesota Ac-
ademy of Natural Sciences; member of the So-
ciete Fiangaise de Mineralogie of Paris, and of
various scientific organizations in America. He
was influential in founding the American Geolo-
gist, acting as its editor-in-chief from 1888. and
is the author of: Catalogue of the Plants of the
State of Michigan; Geology of Ohio (1871); The
Iron Ores of Minnesota, with his son, Horace V.
Winchell (1891); Geology of Minnesota (24 an-
nual reports. 1872-1896, and a summary report,
1899); Final Reports (6 vols., 1884-1901), and
Ten Bulletins. A catalogue of the North Amer-
ican Geology published in 1891, enumerates 93
titles of his work.
WINCHESTER, James, soldier, was born in White Level,:Md., Feb. 6, 1752. He was com- missioned lieutenant in a regiment of Maryland infantry in 1778; was captured by the British, and after being exchanged in 1780, made his home in Tennessee. He was commisioned brigadier-general, U.S.A., in March, 1812. and six montlis later, at Fort Waj'ne, relieved Will- am Henry Harrison, major-general of state troops. Harrison soon after received a major general's commission, and with it chief command of the northwest, with unlimited powers. Win- cliester marched to Maumee, from which place the enemy fled, without giving battle, and at Fort Defiance, he was joined by Harrison, and given command of the left wing of the armj-. He planned a movement on Detroit; made a bold attempt at Maumee Rapids, in which he was suc- cessful, and on Jan. 17, 1813, attacked and cap- tured Frenchtown on Raisin river. Here in the same month, he was surprised, his garrison cap- tured, and a large number massacred by the In- dians. Winchester was held as a prisoner until 1814, when lie was exclianged, and resigned his commission in March, 1815. He died at his estate near Gallatin, Tenn., July 27, 1826.
WINDER, Levin, governor of Maryland, was born in Somerset county, Md., Sept. 4, 1757; son of AVilliam and Esther (Gillis) Winder; gi-and- son of John and Jane (Dasliiel) Winder, and great-grandson of John Winder of Cumberland, England, a colonial officer, justice of the peace and lieutenant-colonel in 1697. He left his pre- paration for the legal profession to enter the Revolutionary army; was appointed by the ^Mary- land convention 1st lieutenant, 5th company, Capt. Nathaniel Ramsay's command. Col. Will- iam Smallwood's battalion, Jan. 14, 1776; pro- moted major, 4th regiment, ^larvland line, April 17, 1777, and rose to the rank of lieutenant-col- onel. He subsequently engaged in farming near
