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634 APPENDIX D the Southern comprising France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy and Turkey, while to the Northen: were assigned Germany, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Russia and Poland. Domestic affairs were dealt with by either Secretary indiscriminately, but at the beginning of the eighteenth century Ireland and "the Plantations" were " deemed to belong to the elder Secretary v/ho has the Southern province. "(*) In 1709 in consequence of the union with Scotland a third Secretary of State was appointed, mainly for the business of that country: this office was vacant from 1725 to 1742 and finally discontinued in Jan. 1745/6; it has not since been revived, the Secretaryship for Scotland established in 1885 not being a Secretaryship of State. From 1768 to 1782 there was a third Secretaryship for the Colonies. From the latter date till 1801 Colonial affairs were administered from the Home Office, the designations of the old Secretaryships for the North and South being changed to Home and Foreign at the accession to office of the second Rockingham administration inMarch 1782. In 1794 a third Secretary- ship was again established for War, and in 1801 the Colonies were added to this Department. In 1854 the War and Colonial Departments were separated, thus increasing the number of Secretaries of State to four, and in 1858, on the abolition of the Board of Control, a fifth Secretaryship was added for the management of the affairs of India. Officially (as in the notice of their appointments in the London Gazette) the five Secretaries of State are not distinguished by their Departments, and the transfer from one to another has never vacated a seat in the House of Commons. The Secretary-rt/-War was not a Secretary of State, and the office, which was united to that of Secretary of State for War in 1855, was rarely held by a Cabinet Minister. There has never been a Secretary of War. Errors as to these designations are frequent, even in historical writers of some repute. Thus Dr. Holland Rose, in William Pitt and the Great War^ describes Lord Camden as " Secretary at War and for the Colonies." 1534. before Apr. Thomas Cromwell, afterwards Earl of Essex {Thomas Wriothesley, afterwards Earl of South- ampton, till 1543 or 1544 {vice Cromwell) C") Sir Ralph Sadleir, till Apr. 1543 (additional) (*) Chamberlayne, Anglia Notitia, 2ist ed. 1704 to 24th ed. 1716 inclusive. In the 25th ed. 171 8 the reference to Ireland and the Plantations is omitted and the division is given thus: " the Northern usually under the Junior Secretary and contains Scandinavia, ^c. ; the Southern under the Senior and contains Flanders, France, fefc." The 38th edition draws special attention to the fact that at that date (1752) the provinces of the Senior and Junior Secretaries were reversed (p. 85): the custom indicated had been by no means invariably observed in earlier years. C") It is not absolutely certain when Cromwell ceased to be Secretary; he became Lord Privy Seal in 1536, and Wriothesley is described as "Secretary" in 1536,