140 Minxin Pei, “A Tale of Three Speeches: How Xi Jinping’s 40th Anniversary Speech Marks a Departure,” Center for International Maritime Security, June 11, 2019, http://cimsec.org/a-tale-of-three-speeches-how-xi-jinpings-40th-anniversary-speech-marks-a-departure/40566.
141 Karl Marx, “On The Jewish Question,” in Robert C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed. (New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 1978), pp. 26-52; and Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, pp. 469-500. For a critique of the Marxist view, see, Peter Berkowitz, “Capitalism, Socialism, and Freedom,” The Hoover Institution, February 24, 2020, https://www.hoover.org/research/capitalism-socialism-freedom.
142 Chris Buckley, “China Takes Aim at Western Ideas,” The New York Times, Aug. 19, 2013, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/20/world/asia/chinas-new-leadership-takes-hard-line-in-secret-memo.html.
143 Daniel J. Tobin, “How Xi Jinping’s ‘New Era’ Should Have Ended U.S. Debate on Beijing’s Ambitions.”
144 Xie Lei and Zhao Jing, eds., 陈曙光：改革开放的世界贡献 [Chen Shuguang: The World Contribution of Reform and Opening Up], People’s Daily, October 7, 2018, http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2018/1007/c40531-30326593.html.
145 John W. Garver, China’s Quest (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 11 and 14.
146 John Irgengioro, “China’s National Identity and the Root Causes of China’s Ethnic Tensions,” East Asia: An International Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 4 (December 2018), pp. 317-330.
147 Lucian Pye, China: An Introduction (New York, NY: Harpers Collins Publishers, 1991), pp. 106 -122; John Keay, China: A History (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2009); James Kurth, The American Way of Empire: How America Won a World But Lost Her Way, pp. 240-255; and “Legalism in Chinese Philosophy,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, December 10, 2014, revised Nov. 16, 2018, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-legalism/.
148 See Peter Berkowitz, “The United States, National Traditions, and Human Rights,” Telos, Fall 2020, http://www.peterberkowitz.com/articles/2020/20200900-United_States_National_Traditions_and_Human_Rights-Telos.pdf.
149 Miles Yu, “Understanding China’s Strategic Culture Through its South China Sea Gambit,” Hoover Institution, May 9, 2016, https://www.hoover.org/research/understanding-chinas-strategic-culture-through-its-south-china-sea-gambit.
150 John Pomfret, “U.S. Takes a Tougher Tone With China,” Washington Post, July 30, 2010, https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/29/AR2010072906416.html.
151 “Foreign Minister Wang Yi Answers Questions from Chinese and Foreign Journalists,” Xinhua News, March 8, 2014, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2014lh/foreign-minister/.
152 Miles Yu, “Understanding China’s Strategic Culture Through its South China Sea Gambit.”
153 Chao Deng and Liza Lin, “In Xi Jinping’s China, Nationalism Takes a Dark Turn,” The Wall Street Journal, October 22, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-xi-jinpings-china-nationalism-takes-a-dark-turn-11603382993.
154 Xi Jinping, “China’s Diplomacy Must Befit Its Major-Country Status,” in Xi, The Governance of China II (Beijing, China: Foreign Languages Press, 2017) pp. 479-483. See also Wang Yi, “Exploring the Path of Major Country Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics,” speech at the Second World Peace Forum, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, June 27, 2013, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t1053908.shtml; and “Bringing the East and West Together in Shared Commitment to Multilateralism,” speech at the 56th Munich Security Conference, Munich, Germany February 15, 2020, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t1745384.shtml.
155 During this period, the Qing Dynasty in China suffered a series of territorial losses and other concessions at the hands of Western imperial powers, beginning with Britain’s defeat of the Qing Dynasty in the First
