T. nigricornis Boheman (= T. regius Nees? and T. longicaudis Ratzeburg. Emerges from March to June of the following year (acc. Ratzeburg 1848 and Mayr 1874).
T. viridissimus Boheman (acc. Dalla Torre 1898?).
The life history of pubescentis differs little from that of typical folii, except as the more southern range of pubescentis may allow the earlier appearance of the agamic gall in the summer and the later emergence of the agamic adult in the winter. Cotte (1912) records pupae of the agamic form in Provence on November 8. Paszlavszky (acc. Kieffer 1901) says the adult emerges in Hungary in December, and Mayr (1882) records late winter emergence in Austria. I have bred adults from Moravian material on December 5 (1928). These dates are a month or so later than those for folii in more Central Europe, and parallel the later winter emergence of the more southern material of Cynips in North America. Mayr (1882) suggested that insects kept in a warm room would emerge in early winter, but this is to be doubted on the basis of our experience with other southern Cynipidae. Cotte's record (1912) of larvae in the agamic gall in February and emergence in June is at complete variance with the data for all other agamic Cynips; and the record must be questioned as applying to a true gall maker.
This variety is not well represented in the literature or the collections, tho that may be no indication of the actual abundance of the insect. Thruout most of its known range it is confined to Quercus pubescens. As far as I can determine, few insects have been bred from the galls on the numerous other oaks reported as hosts in southern Europe, Asia Minor, and Africa, and accurate determinations, which must await this insect material, will probably show there are distinct varieties on some of these hosts.
Kieffer (1903: 679) decided that his own Dryophanta ilicis (1896, Bull. Soc. Ent. France 1896:371) was a synonym of Dryophanta pubescentis, but the distinct host of ilicis, namely Quercus Ilex, makes me believe that careful comparisons of insect material from Q. Ilex and Q. pubescens may yet reveal that ilicis is a distinct, host variety. Pending the time when we can make such studies it will be better not to bury ilicis in the synonomy of pubescentis.
Both the geographic and host data for Beyerinck's record
