length of the Great Valley, for 420 miles between Bakersfield in Kern County and Redding in Shasta County; but within a short twenty miles in southern Lake County echinus gives way to vicina. There seems little room to question that the geographic uniformity of the Great Valley, providing an area within which interbreeding may proceed without hindrance, is the explanation of the wide range and constancy of echinus; and that the geographic isolation of the Lake County area, offering its barriers to the interbreeding of Lake County and Great Valley material, is the abundant explanation of the preservation of the mutant stock which is vicina.
Beutenmüller recognized the identity of Osten Sacken's echinus and Bassett's speciosa and published the synonomy in 1911. He has been followed by most of the later authors, and my own studies of the type material of these two names lead me to agree. Osten Sacken's name echinus is a substantive which should not be changed to echina as tho it were an adjective agreeing with the generic name.
Cynips echinus variety echinus
bisexual form ribes (Kinsey)
Figures 24, 159, 160, 161, 181, 194
Andricus ribes Kinsey, 1922, Ind. Univ. Study (9) 53:42.
FEMALE AND MALE.—Hardly distinct from the bisexual females and males of the other varieties of the species; the first four or five segments of the antenna in the female rufous yellow, the entire antenna brownish black in the male; parapsidal grooves distinct to the pronotum; the scutellum roughly even tho not deeply rugose; the foveal groove finely roughened at bottom. Figures 160, 161, 181.
GALL.—Closely resembling the galls of the other bisexual forms of the species; perhaps more ovoid when fresh, the surface then pebbled, bearing low, indefinite ridges which terminate in short, soft spines especially near the apex of the gall; on the young twigs of Quercus Douglasii. Figures 159, 194.
RANGE.—Probably as given for the agamic form of variety echinus (fig. 24). The bisexual form known definitely from the Californian towns of Oroville and Three Rivers (Kinsey coll.), and Los Gatos (in U.S. Nat. Mus.).
TYPES.—16 females, 10 males, and 48 galls, the adults all imperfect. Holotype and paratype females, paratype males, and galls in the American Museum of Natural History; paratype females, males, and
galls in Stanford University, the U.S. National Museum, and the Kinsey