Page:The Gall Wasp Genus Cynips.pdf/71

Area		Cretaceous	Eocene	Miocene	Pliocene	Pleistocene	Living oak flora
North Atlantic States—
	District of Columbia			x			x
	Maryland	x		x	x	x	x
	West Virginia					x	x
	Pennsylvania					x	x
	New Jersey	x			x	x	x
	New York	x					x
New England—
	Vermont	x					x
Greenland		x	x
Iceland			x
Spitzbergen			x
South America					x		Mts. of Colombia

 

The ancient history of Cynips is first of all to be read in the characters and distribution of the six existent subgenera. The range of each subgenus is shown on the accompanying map (fig. 7), and the data are further summarized:

 

Subgeneric Ranges of Cynips

Subgenus	Species	Range
Cynips	11	Europe, Mediterranean Africa and Asia, possibly elsewhere in Asia.
Antron	12	U. S. Pacific Coast, California-Oregon, undescribed species in southern Arizona.
Besbicus	8	U. S. Pacific Coast, California-British Columbia.
Philonix	8	U. S., Arizona-Atlantic Coast.
Atrusca	12	Mexico; U. S., Arizona-Atlantic Coast.
Acraspis	42	Mexico; U. S., Arizona-Atlantic Coast.

 

These subgenera clearly represent two groups, which may be distinguished as follows:

 

1. Agamic female with hypopygial spine distinctly broad, very broad in Besbicus; wings normally 1.50 to 1.60 times the body length; all galls with nutritive, protective, more or less solid parenchyma and simple