Page:The National Gazetteer - A Topographical Dictionary of the British Islands, Volume 3.djvu/37

KEWBUKY. 25 NEWBY. W. div. of Castle ward, co. Northumberland, 1 mile E. of Newburn, and 3*miles W. of Nowcastle-on-Tyne. It is situated on the northern bank of the river Tyne, and contains tho Til. of Lemington, at which place are staiths in connection with the coal-pits at Wallbottle and Vylam. The coals are discharged into keels, and thence shipped to Newcastle and Shields, and various other places. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the collieries and in a Hint-glass manufactory. Leming- ton Hall is tho principal residence. NKVBUHY, a par., market town, and municipal borough, in the hund. of Faircross, co. Berks, 56 miles from London by road, or 53 by tho Great Western rail- way, and 16 from Heading. It is situated on the river Kennet, and tho Kennet and Avon canal runs through the town. Newbury was founded on tho ruins of tho Roman city of Spin/se, and was afterwards called New- byrig, or Newtown, and, according to Camden, "New- burn must acknowledge Speen as its mother." Tho name of Speen is still preserved in the parish next to Newbury. William the Conqueror gave the town to Ernulph de Hesdin, from whom it descended to the Marshalls of Hampstead Marshall, the Bigods, &.C., and so to the Craven family, who are still the owners. It returned members to the parliament of 30 Edward I., and sent three deputies to Edward III.'s councils of state. Newbury is famous as tho scene of two bloody battles between the king's and the parliamentary forces in Ib43 and 1644, in the first of which Lord Falkland was killed, but both were favourable to tho cause of Charles I. In 1645 it was permanently occupied by the parliamentary forces. The first charter was granted by Queen Elizabeth, but additional privileges were given by James I. and Charles II. The town is governed by a mayor, four aldermen, and 12 councillors, with the style of " mayor, aldermen, and bxirgesses of the borough of Newbury." It is a sessions and polling town for the county elections. The streets are well paved and lighted with gas. The population in 1851 was 6,574, with 1,362 inhabited houses, which in 1861 had decreased to 6,161, with 1,342 inhabited houses. Tho inhabitants are chiefly engaged in tho corn and malt trade, which has quite superseded the trade in woollen cloth, which used to be extensively carried on. Some are employed in the manufacture of silk, narrow ribbon, and paper, for which there are several mills. It is tho head of a deanery in the archdeac. of Berks, and dioc. of Oxford. The living is a rect. * in tho dioc. of Oxford, val. 455, in the patron, of the bishop. The church, which is dedicated to St. Nicholas, was built in tho reign of Henry VII., and, among other interesting relics, has the brass of the celebrated clothier, John Winchcombe, or, as he is more popularly known, Jack of Newbury, who, it will be remembered, was visited by Henry VIII., and who sent one hundred of his own weavers, fully equipped at his own cost, to Flodden Field. It was he who chiefly led tho church, and requested the king to disfran- li. Tho house in which ho lived still ins, with the sign of "Jack of Newbury" on it. >! is also the district church of St. John's, the living hich is a perpet. cur., val. 150. There are places of worship fur V. iptists, Independents, Pres- i ins, 1'rimitivo Methodists, and Qua'kers. The free , and tho borough blue-coat school are There are numerous almshouses, viz. St. Bartholomew's, founded by King John, which ow an income of nearly 1,000 per annum; Ray- i's almshouses, with an income of nearly 400 per i's school iind ulinshouses; Hunt's; Hill; Pcarce's and Robinson's almshouses, which have incomes varying from 20 to 110 per annum. Newbury Poor-law L'nion contains 18 parishes hips, with an area ot about 47,000 acres. Tho bridge was rebuilt about The lii' :. -dilution has a library of upwards of 1,000 v.-hich a museum has 1 The thealiv, loivnhall, union poor- hou.s - , ings- , make up tho list of public buildings. A supply of good peat for fuel is obtained from the river bank. Baily, the astronomer, was a native ; and it gives tho title of baron to Marquis Cholmondeley. There are many seats in the neighbourhood, as Hampstead Park, belonging to Earl Craven ; Highclere Castle, the seat of Earl Carnarvon ; Woolhampton House, tho pro- perty of Earl Falmouth ; Sandleford Priory, lately the seat of Lord Rokeby ; and several others of equal im- portance. Donnington Castle, which is near, belonged to Chaucer, and a ruin called Chaucer's Grove may still be seen. Market day is Thursday, when much business is done. Fairs are held on Holy Thursday, the 5th July, 4th September, and 8th November, also a statute fair on tho first Thursday after llth October (Old Michaelmas Day), for hiring servants. NEWBURY, a coal-field on Titterstone Cleo Hill.co. Salop, 5 miles E. by N. of Ludlow. It is basin shaped, and is about half a mile in length, consisting of several thin strata of coal, ironstone, and clay, resting on lime- stone, which are worked at Cornbrook and other places. NEWBURY, LITTLE, a hmlt. in tho par. and hund. of Farringdon, co. Berks, 2 miles S.by E. of Farringdon, and 30 W. by N. of Reading. NEWBY, a tnshp. in the par. of Irthington, ward of Eskdale, co. Cumberland, 4 miles S.W. of Brampton, and 6 E. by N. of Carlisle. It is a small agricultural village situated at tho confluence of tho rivers Irthing and Eden. NEWBY, or NEWBY-STONES, a tnshp. in the par. of Morland, West ward, co. Westmoreland, 5J miles N.E. of Shap railway station, and 7 N.W. of Appleby. Tho village, which is large, is chiefly agricultural. Newby formerly belonged to the Vcrnons and Nevin- sons of Newby Hall. There are a corn-mill and a free- stone quarry. Tho soil varies very much, some parts consisting of a rich loam upon a subsoil of clay, and others of rocky limestone. At Towcett in this township were kilns for burning of lime, which was extensively worked, but since the formation of the railway this industry has been discontinued. The Wesleyan Metho- dists have a place of worship. The Earl of Lonsdale is lord of the manor. The tithes were commuted for land under an Enclosure Act in 1806. NEWBY, a hmlt. in tho par. of Clapham, W. div. of the wap. of Staincliffe, West Riding co. York, 7 miles N. of Settle, and 4 W. of tho Bontham railway station. It is situated on the Keighley and Kendal turnpike road, and is wholly agricultural. A largo portion of the land is in pasture. The soil is clay upon a subsoil of lime- stone. There is an endowed school for boys and girls, in which a Sunday-school is also held. Tho parochial charities produce about 13 per annum. J. Williams and 0. Fairer, Esqs., are joint lords of the manor and principal landowners. NEWBY, a tnshp. in tho par. of Stokesley, W. div. of Langbaurgh lib., North Riding co. York, 3 miles N. of Stokesloy. The village, which is small, consists of a few straggling farmhouses. The free school which formerly existed here has been discontinued. There is a place of worship for the Wesleyans. NEWBY, a tnshp. in tho par. of Scalby, wap. of Pickering Lythe, North Riding co. York, 2 miles N.W. of Scarborough. It is situated near the coast. NEWBY, a hmlt. in tho par. and lib. of Ripon, West Riding co. York, 3J miles S.E. of Ripon. and 3 W. of Boroughbridge. It is situated on tho N. side of tho river Ure, which occasionally inimdatcs *lho adjacent lands. Tho manor formerly belonged to the Black-els, and constitutes a township with Mulwith, which latin- is now a farm. Newby Hall, the principal residence, was built by Sir Edward Blacket from a design by Sir Christopher Wren. N1-;VBY, a hmlt. in the tnshp. of Weeton, and par. of Harewood, West Riding co. York, 4 miles E. by N. of Otley. It is situated on tho river Wharfo, near i Mill. NKVVJJV, a tnshp. in the par. of Topelii: Ilallikcld, North Riding co. York, 6 miles N. by W. of Boroughbridge.