Page:The National Gazetteer - A Topographical Dictionary of the British Islands, Volume 3.djvu/516

SOUTHWELL 504 SOUTHWICK. road, London-road, Lambeth -road, and New Kent-road meet, the exact distances being marked on the Obelisk. Amongst the most conspicuous edifices may be men- tioned the church of St. Saviour,_ or St. Mary-Overy, one of the largest parish churches in England, standing at the foot of London-bridge ; the townhall of South- wark, a modern structure with Ionic pilasters, situated on St. Margaret' s-hill ; the Union-hall, in Union-street, occupied as a police-office ; the New Surrey Theatre, in the Blackfriars-road ; Guy's Hospital, founded in 1721, in St. Thomas' s-street ; the Magdalen Hos- pital, built in 1769; the Albert Institution, in Gravel- lane, near Blackfriars-road, erected on the site of a once notorious haunt for thieves, by the Rev. Joseph Brown in 1859, as a school, model-lodging house, and reuding-room, with baths and washhouses, and beds for single men ; the Queen's Prison, at the bottom of the Borough-road, established in lieu of the old Queen's Bench, Fleet, and Marshalsea prisons for debtors and bankrupts, and for persons committed for contempt of court ; the New Bridewell, near Bethlem Hospital ; and Barclay, Perkins, and Co.'s brewery, the largest, probably, in the world, a fuller account of which will be found under the article LONDON, to which also the reader must refer for ecclesiastical and other returns. See also articles, BEBMONDSEY, LAMBETH, and ROTHER- HITHE. SOUTHWELL, a div. in the wap. of Thurgarton, co. Notts, contains the pars, of Bleasby, Bledworth, Edingley, Farnsfield, Halam, Halioughton, Hockerton, Hoveringham, Kirklington, Morton, Southwell, Thur- garton, Upton, Winkbourn, and part of Rolleston, com- prising 33,820 acres. SOUTHWELL, a par. and market town in the South- well div. of Thurgarton wap., co. Notts, 7 miles W. of Newark, and 12 N.E. of Nottingham. It is connected by a branch line of 2J miles with the Nottingham and Lincoln section of the Midland railway. The town, which is situated on an eminence in the vale of the small river Greet, celebrated for the abundance of its red trout, is nearly surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills of various elevation, and is supposed to occupy the site of the Roman station Ad Pontem, on the ancient Er- mine Street. It is very ancient, and was selected as the site of one of the earliest Christian churches founded in this part of the island by Paulinus in 627. It is frequently referred to in Saxon MSS. as Tiofulftngaceaster, most probably from the Roman camp in the vicinity, which our Saxon ancestors, being at a loss to account for, re- ferred to the agency of the Evil One, but subsequently changed its name to Southwell, from one of the nu- merous wells or springs that formerly existed in this neighbourhood, but of which only a few are now to be met with. The chief object of interest is the ancient minster, which was made collegiate before the Norman conquest, and was refounded in 1541 by Henry VIII. The college was dissolved by Edward VI., but was finally restored by Queen Elizabeth in 1585, and is still preserved as a cathedral establishment, with a choir. [See below.] During the civil war of Charles I. the old minster was occupied by Cromwell's troopers as a stable, and all the records except the "Regis- trum Album," which dates from 1109, were then de- stroyed. Within the close are the remains of an ancient palace of the archbishops of York, -which was occupied by Charles I. on several occasions, and lastly in 1646, when he gave himself up to the Scottish army at the " King's Arms," now the " Saracen's Head." The town, which is straggling, comprises, besides the High Town, or Southwell proper, the suburbs of East and West Thorpe, Westgate, Burgage, or Burridge, and the parks of Hexgreave, Norwood, and Hockerwood. The four principal streets are straight, but irregularly built. The public buildings are the townhall, a modern struc- ture situate in Westgate, where the market is held ; the house of correction, in Burgage, rebuilt in 1828 on the Bite of the original bridewell, founded in 1656 ; assembly rooms, commercial branch bank, savings-bank, and union poorhouse; this last building is situated in the ad- joining parish of Upton, and was built in 1824 at a cost of 6,596. Southwell is a polling place for the southern division of the county. Petty sessions are held fort- nightly on Friday. A considerable business is done in the malt and hop trades, and many of the people are em- ployed in the manufacture of cotton stockings, silk-spin- ning, and lace-making. The population in 1861 was 3,469. At an old house in Burgago the poet Byron passed many of his boyish days ; and in Norwood park, formerly a scat of the archbishops of York, but now of the Sutton family, is the oak known as " Cludd's Oak." The surrounding country is fertile, the soil being a rich clay upon a subsoil of New Red sandstone. It is evenly divided between arable and pasture, and until recently hops were extensively grown. There are remains of tho hall and chapel of the palace where Cardinal Wolsey resided the year before his death, but which was after- wards destroyed by Cromwell's troopers. Two county synods were formerly held here annually. The col- legiate chapter, as at present reduced, consists of one canon, a rector residentiary, curate, and two minor canons, organist, and 16 choristers. The living is a rect.* in the dioc. of Lincoln, val. 450, in the patron, of the bishop. The collegiate church is also the parish church. This pile is a specimen of Gothic architecture, the greater portion being Norman, with portions of Early Decorated and later styles. It is dedicated to St. Mary, and is being thoroughly resetord. It is cruciform, measuring 300 feet by 69 feet, or 121 through the transepts, with a low tower rising from the centre, and two towers each of 7 stages ornamented, forming the western front. Between these tow.ers is the prin- cipal entrance, through a semicircular arch, with a W. window above it enriched with tracery. It is deco- rated inside with carvings, and contains an oak roof, carved screen, brass reading-desk, stone stalls, effigies of Archbishop Sandys, and tombs of many other pre- lates. The charity or singing school, on the E. side of the N. transept, has been converted into a library for the college, and contains a valuable collection of books, chiefly on divinity. On the N. side of the church is the chapter- house, built in 1377 in the Decorated Pointed style, with an ornamented doorway and stone roof and niches. On the E. side of the close is the rectory, a modern edifice, with houses for the vicars choral on either side of it. Besides the above church there is the district church of the Holy Trinity, the living of which is a perpet. cur. val. 100, in the patron, of trustees. The church, which stands in the hamlet of West Thorpe, was built in 1846 at a cost of 4,000, including the site, and has a tower sur- mounted by a lofty spire, and containing one bell. The Baptists and Wesleyans have each a place of worship. There are a free grammar school, under the supervision of the chapter, with an income from endowment of 56, and two scholarships at St. John's College, Cambridge, also National schools in both districts, and a Sunday- school belonging to Holy- Trinity. The charities, in- cluding the school endowment, produce about 180 per annum. The Poor-law Union comprises 49 parishes, associated under Gilbert's Act. Southwell gives name to a deanery in the archdeaconry of Nottingham and diocese of Lincoln. It is the head of a superintendent registry district, but is divided between Newark and Worksop new County Court districts. Market day is on Saturday. Fairs are held on Whit Monday and on 21st October. SOUTHWELL-PARK, a lib. in the par. of Har- grave, co. Suffolk, 6 miles S.W. of Bury St. Edmund's. SOUTHWICK, a par. in the hund. of Portsdown, co. Hants, 4 miles N.E. of Fareham, its post town, and 3 N. of Porchester railway station. The village is con- siderable, and near Bere Forest. The par. includes the manor of Aplestede. It had formerly a priory of Black Canons, in which Henry VI. was married to Margaret of Anjou. At the Dissolution the revenues were re- turned at 257, and the site given to the Whites. The living is a don. cur.,* annexed to that of Boarhunt, in the dioc. of Winchester. The church, dedicated to St. James, has a square tower containing four bells and a