AHN, -in, JonAxx Franz (1796-1865). A German grammarian and educationist. He was born at Ai.K-la-Cliapelle, was for a time a merchant, but studied mathematics and modern languages, and was for many years a teaclier in Neuss. He wrote many manuals for teaching languages, his method of instruction being an extension of that of Seidenstiicker. His Practicnl Method for a Rai)id and Easy AcguisiHon of the French Language {Praktischer Lehrgang ~ur Sehnellen nml Leichtcn Erlernting der franzosischen Sprachc, 1834) has passed through more than two hundred editions and been exten- sively imitated.
AHNFELDT, jin'felt, Arvid Woltoang
Nathaxael (1845-90). A Swedish litterateur,
born at -Lund. He .studied art at Lund and
Upsala, and was for some time an official in the
royal library at Stockliolm. In 1881 he was ap-
pointed editor of the journal Ur Dagens Kronlka.
He publislied a number of important mono-
graphs, such as those on Alnuirist (1876). and
Crnsenstolpe (1880), a VerldslUteraturens Bis-
toria (1875-76), and otWr works.
AHOY' (a -j- hop). A nautical form of hail.
Its original signification is said to have been
stop, and it still partakes of that meaning in a
modified sense. It is used as a hail to passing
boats, vessels, and implies that communication
with them is desired. The common form of usage
is "boat ahov," "ship ahoy," "steamer ahoy,"
etc.
AHRENS, -i'rens, Heixrich (1808-74). A
German writer on law. philosophy, and psychol-
ogy. He studied at Gi'ittingen. and was concerned
in the political troubles in 1831, by reason of
which he was forced to flee to Paris. In 1834
h« became professor of philosophy at Brussels.
He was a member of the Frankfi>rt Parliament of
1848, and on the committee to draft a new Ger-
man constitution. In 1 850 he was chosen pro-
fessor of legal and political science at Gratz,
and in 1859 was called to a similar chair at
Leipzig. For a niuubcr of years he represented
the Leipzig L^niversity in the First .Saxon Cham-
ber. Among his works are: Courf: de Psychologie
(1837-38) ; Cours dc droit nofiirrl (1838) ; Die
juristische Encyklopiidne ( 1855-57 ) . The two
last named works have been republished in sev-
eral languages.
AHRENS, Heinrich Ludolf (1809-81). A
celebiated German philologist, born at Helmstedt. He studied at Gtittingen, where he began his career as privat-docent in 1829, but left Gottingen in the following year to accept a position at Ilfeld. where he remained for fourteen years. In 1849 he was made director of the lyceum at Hanover, a position which he held until the year before his death. He devoted himself especially
to the Greek dialects, and may be said to have laid the scientific foundation of their study. His chief publication was Dc Grwcw Limguw Dialectis (1839-43). He publislied also, in 1855-59, a two-volume edition of the Greek bucolic poets, Theocritus. Bion, and Mosclnis.
AHBIMAN, ii'ri-man. The ancient Persian devil, a personification of the evil spirit and principle of evil, the idea which answers in the Zoroastrian religion to Satan in .Judaism and Christianity. He is represented as the head and chief of the powers of darkness and sin. and he has legions of demons about him. Next to him
are ranged six arch-fiends, the chief of whom is Aeshma, the Daeva, or "demon of fury," corresponding to the name Asmodeus in the Book of Tobit. Ahriman's name appears in the Avesta as aiigra mainyu, or angra mainyu, Pahiavi, o?iajman, Persian, ahriman — whence our spelling of
the word. The term mainyu means spirit; the title angra msra is uncertain, but it is presumed to signify injury, opposition, antagonism. Ahriman is the spirit of opposition, antithesis, and antagonism to the Persian god Ormuzd (q.v.). The two spirits severally represent the kingdom of light, goodness, and life, and the kingdom
of darkness, evil, and death. The relation of the
one spirit to the other, especially of Angra
JIainyu, as the maleficent spirit, to Spenta
Mainyu, or the beneficent spirit, has been fre-.
quently discussed. Consult: Darmesteter. Orniazd et Ahriman (Paris, 1877), and Jackson, Die iratiische lieMgion, in Geiger and Kuhn's Grundriss der iranischcn Philoloqie (Strasshurg, 1900).
AHU, ji'hoo. The name in Persia of the com-
mon Asiatic gazelle. See Gazelle.
AHUATLE, ii'oo-at'l (Mexican). A preparation for food of the eggs of a Mexican species of ephydrid fly, which is formed into a paste mixed with hens' eggs and then fried. For fur ther information, see Ephydea ; Fly.
ASULL' (o -f- hull). A maritime term, used to denote the position of a ship when all her sails are furled .and her helm lashed on the lee side; in such a position she lies nearly with her side to the wind, but with the head turned a little toward the direction of the wind.
AHUMABA, ii'oo-ma'Da, Don Pedro Gie6n,
Marques de las Am.rillas, Duke of (1788-
1842). A Spanish general and statesman, born
at San Sebastian. He was appointed an olBeer
in the Royal Guards in 1S06, and during the war
against the French rendered important services as
chief of the general staft' of tlie Spanish army.
Upon the outbreak of the revolution of 1820 he
^-as appointed minister of war, but soon retired
because of the opposition of the Radicals. He
was appointed by Ferdinand VII. a member of
the council of regency during the minority of
Isabella, and in 1835 accepted the portfolio
of war under the premiership of Toreno. He soon
resigned, and went to Bordeaux in 1836, but sub-
sequently returned to Madrid.
AHITRA MAZDA, a-hoo'r.i maz'da. See Ormazd.
AHWAZ, a-wiiz'. A small village, once a res-
idence of tlie Persian rulers, situated on the River
Karun, about 45 miles south of Shuster (Map:
Persia, C 5 ) . Near Alnvaz are the ruins of the
old town, lying along the river for a distance
of over ten miles. There is still to be seen an
old castle of gigantic proportions, and a few
other remnants of former splendor. In the third
century, Ahwaz was the thief city of a province
of the same name, and under the subsequent riile
of the Arabs it became an important commercial
centre. A concession to navigate the Karun
from the Persian Gulf to Ahwaz w.as granted to
a British company, which runs a steamer on the
river, and is carrying out improvements on the
road between Ahwaz and Ispahan.
AI, fi'i (Heb, ruin). A city of the Canaanites, twelve miles north of Jerusalem. It is mentioned in the narrative about Abraham (Genesis
