xii : S), where its situation is definpJ as east of Be(hcl. Wlifii the Isiaclitos came into Canaan they niadi' an unsiicressiul attack on Ai (Joshua vii ")). '>ut on tlio second attack the city was taken (.Joshua viiil and destroyed. Isaiah (Isaiah . : 2S) mentions the city, so that it must have been rebuilt. After the captivity it was inhabited by the Beujauiinites (Ezra ii:2S; Nehemiuh vii : 32). The modern site is Khirbet Haiyun. Us niius eisli.(l in the time of Kuse- bius and St. Jerome, though none are now to be tounJ there.
AI, til. The three-toed sloth. See Sloth.
AI, ii'c. or ATT VrT, a'ft. A Japanese salmon
{Suhno altiirlist. remarkable for j;oing down
some rivers to spawn in the sea, and ascending
other rivers annually to spawn near their
sources.
AICABD, a'kiir'. Jean François Victor (1848
— ). A French author, born at Toulon. At first he studied law. but subscijueutly turned to literature, in which he made his first appearance with the drama ./einiCf croynnrfs (1867). Ills works, which are in general distinguished by a liuished style, include A.u clair de la lune (1870), a oue-act comedy in verse; Les rebel-
lions et le.i npaisemetits (1871), Po&ines de Protence (1874), Ln rhnnsnn df Venfant (1S76), Mirtle et "Xori (1880), Lamarfme (1883), a poem which received the prize of the French i^cadcniv. and Ji-sus (IS'.W).
AID (Fr. aide, from Lat. ad, in + iuvare,.
to help). In feudal times, a term denoting a
pavment in moucy or produce due from a vassal
to "his lord. The term is a translation of the
Latin word sux-iUum. lu theory it was a free
grant made in exceptional cases. But the eases
soon came to be fixed by custom. "The three chief
aids"' were paid ( 1 ) for the loid's ransoiu when
in captivity: (2) for the expenses of making the
lord's eldest son a knight: (3) for the dowry
of the lord's eldest daughter. Sometimes a
fourth chief aid was recognized for the expense
of the lord when going on a crusade. Fre-
<)uently also aids were deniandeil from the vas-
sals when the lord made a y)urney to the court
of his suzerain, or to Rome. Aids were levied
upon all classes of freehold tenants — upon those
holding in free and common socage (q.v.), as
well as upon the holders of knights' fees (q.v.)
— and continued to be nominally due and exigi-
ble until abolished by ])nrtiainent. 12 Car. II.,
c. 24 (l(i(iO). though they had gradually fallen
into disuse and were probably even then prac-
tically obsolete. See FFADALtsxi ; Te.ube.
AÏDA, a-e'd;'i. .Vn opera by Verdi (words by
Ghislanzoni), first played at Cairo. Kgypt, De-
cember 24, 1871, at the inauguration of the Khe-
dive's new theatre. The scene of it is laid in
ancient Egy])t.
AIDAN, n'don. Saint (?-fi.51). First bishop
of I.indisfarne. He was one of those distinguished monks of the oarlv Scotehlrish Church who were received into the calendar of saints without the ceremony of canonization. In early life he was a monk in lona. the famous island olT the Scotch coast. Oswald, the cdeliratcd kini; of Xorthunibria. requested the conimunitv of lona to send to his court one of their brethren who would teach the Christian religion to his
p> ople. The lirst person sent was a certain Corman, who was too dogmatic and intolerant to be a successful missionarv. On his return to report to the synod his failure, .Mdan, who possessed the patience, geniality, and popular manners littinl for the task, was consecrated bishop (ti3o) and sent forth. Through his success, he
left A great reputation as the earliest promulgator of Christianity in the northern districts. He die<l at BamlM>rough, Augist 31, 651. For his biographv i-oiisult Fryer, Aidan, the .Xpostle of the Xoilk (Loudon, ls's4).
AIDE, •A'vdY, Charles Hamilton (I83(V— ).
An English poet aud novelist. He was born in Paris, the son of a Civek diplomatist. His mother was a daughter of Admiral Sir George Collier. He was educated at Bonn,
served seven years in the British army, and then devoted himself to liter.iture. Among bis poems are tileuuore llS.ifi), and Songs Without Haste (1882). His novels include kita (lS5t)>, Fassages in ilie Life of a Lady (1887), and Elizabeth's Pretenders ( 1895). As a ballad writer he is known by The Oanube River and Renteniber or
Forget.
AID-DE-CAMP, itd'de-kaN' (Fr., camp assistant), or AID. military officer serving on the staff of a commanding general officer. In time of war it is a position of grave responsibility, as shown by the terrible mistake which led to the brilliant, but foolish, light cavalry charge of the British in the Crimean War of
1854. it is also a position involving much danger, as may be seen from the nature of the duties performed. On active service the aid-de-camp is in close co7ifidentinl touch with the general oOicer to whom he is attached, and when necessarv acts as his military secretary. On the
battle-field he carries all orders from the general in conuuand to the commanding officers of the various arms, and must of neccssity be alert, quick-witted, resourceful, and prompt, giving his mes.sage in the plainest and most unmistakable form. Wherever possible such orders must be delivered in writing. In European nations. ;in a|)pointment of aid-de-camp. particularly if on the staff of the niler or a member of the ruling family, carries much social as well as military prestige, while in all services it is a mvK'h coveted and much sought appointment. In the I'nited States a lieutenant-general is allowed to have two aids (lieutenant-colonels)
and a military secretar.v: a niajorgeneral, three
aids (either captains or lieutenants I : anil a
brigadier-general, two aids (lieutenants). Before an ollicer can receive such appointment, he must have served at least three of the tive preceding ye;irs with his regiment or corps. The appointment is for live years, and may not be exceeded, except on request of a general who
retires within one year.
AIDENN, a'd.n. A collateral form of
Eden. I'aradise, from the Arabic .4«/«. used by
Poe in The Itnreii, on account of the rhyme.
AIDE-TOI ET LE CIEL T'AIDERA. ad'twa' a syal ta d’-ra' (Fr. "help thyself. Heaven will help thee"). The cry of certain French political writers to the middle classes about the year 1824. It became the watch-word and title of a society, having for its object to agitate the electoral body in opposition to the government. This,
however, was to be done by means strictly legitimate, chiefly by correspondence and political publications. Most of its founders and active members belonged to the party of Doctrinaires
