Sargent, Life and Career of Major John Andre (Boston, 1861), and Lossing, Two Spies (New York, 1886). Many of the documents relating to Andre's capture, trial, and conviction are con- tained in H. V. Smith's J^ndrcaHa (Philadelphia, 1865), and in Dawson, Papers Concerning the Capture and Detention of Major John Andre (Yonkers, 1866).
ANDREA, andra'a, Girolamo, Marchese d' (1812-68). An Italian cardinal. He was born at Naples, educated at the College La Fleche, France, and was early appointed Archbisliop of Mytilene in pnrtibiis infidrlium. In 1852 he was appointed Cardinal-abbot of Subiaeo, and prefect of the Congregation of the Index, and in 1800 Bishop of Sabina. He took sides with the Patri- otic Party in 1859 on the question of the national unity of Italy, and at the same time counseled extensive liberal reforms in Cluireh policy. Under papal disfavor he went to Naples, and having refused, after repeated summons, to return thence to Rome, was first suspended from his diocese and abbacy and then threatened with per- manent deposition from office. He ultimately submitted, and in 1868 was rehabilitated, with- out, however, being restored to his diocese and the abbacy of Subiaeo.
ANDREA DI UGOLINO, de oo'g6-le'n6, called ANDREA PISANO, pe-za'no (1270-c. 1349). An Italian architect and sculptor. He was the third great artist of the Pisan School, which then had the lead in Italy, succeeding Gio- vanni Pisano, who himself followed his father, Nicola. His greatest work is the bronze door of the baptistery of Florence, seldom equaled and never surpassed in Italian Gothic sculpture (1330). He shows the influence of Giotto in his love of allegory, his dignified compositions (con- trasted with Giovanni's over-dramatic action), and his broad style. He also executed the bas- reliefs on the lower part of Giotto's campanile at Florence, and was the chief designer of the cathe- dral at Orvieto. He had a paramount influence on art throughout Tuscany.
ANDREÆ, an'dra, Jakob, called Schmidt-LEIN (1528-90). A German theologian. He was born at 'Waiblingen, March 25, 1528. He graduated at Tubingen; preached in Stuttgart and Tilbingcn, and was very active in promoting the Reformation throughout Wurttemberg, where he was court preacher. He attended the diets of Ratisbon and Frankfort (1557) and Augsburg (1559), became professor of theology in the University of Tubingen (1502), and provost of the church of St. George. He took a leading part in Protestant discussions and movements, particu- larly in the adoption of a common declaration of faitii by the two parties, the Formula of Con- cord (1577). In the latter part of his life he traveled in Bohemia and Germany, working for the consolidation of the Reformation, conferring with pastors, magistrates, and princes. He was the author of more than 150 works, nearly all polemical and vigorously written, for the most part directed against Calvinism. By his first wife (died 1583) he had eighteen children. He married again in 1585. He died at Tubingen, January 7, 1590.
ANDREÆ, Johann Valentin (1586-1654).
A German theologian, born at Herrenberg, near
Tvibingen. He studied at Tiibingen. and obtained
ecclesiastical preferments in the Protestant
Church of his native countrj-, and became chap-
lain to the court at Stuttgart, where he died.
He was grieved to see the principles of Chris-
tianity made the subject of empty disputations.
His WTitings are remarkable for the wit and
humor, as well as for the learning, acuteness, and
moral power which they display. He was errone-
ously regarded as the founder, or at least the re-
storer, of the order of the Rosicrucians (q.v. ),
and this opinion seemed to be supported by refer-
ence to three publications: the Cln/iiiische Hoch-
zeit Christiani Roscnkreuz (1010), the Fa ma
fraternitatis R.C., i.e., liosiicce Criicis (1614), and
the Confessio fraternitatis K. C. (1015), of the
first of which he acknowledged liimself the au-
thor, and the other two have so much resemblance
to it as to be evidently from the same pen. His
intention in these works seems to have been not
to originate or promote secret societies of mys-
tics and enthusiasts, but to ridicule the follies
of the age. He attacked Rosicrucianism itself in
some of his later writings with great severity.
Among the best of his works are his Meiiippiis
s. Satyricorum Dialorioriim Centuria (1017) and
Mi/thologia Christiana (1019). He wrote an
allegoric poem called Die Christenbiirg (Stutt-
gart, 1830), and an autobiography (Winterthur,
1799) . Herder has done much to extend a knowl-
edge of Andres's works in the present age. For
his life, consult GlJikler (Stuttgart, 1866).
ANDRE.Æ, Laurentius, or Lars Andersson (1480-1552). A Swedish reformer. He was
born at Strengnjis, about 40 miles west of Stock-
holm, 1480; died there April 20, 1552. He stud-
ied at Rome, but came home a Protestant, and
introduced the reformed faith into Sweden, 1523.
He was made chancellor by Gustavus Vasa, who
desired him to translate the Bible, in which
work he was assisted by Olaus Petri ( New Testa-
ment, 1526; Old Testament, 1540). Andrea; was
in high favor until he was charged with having
neglected to disclose a conspiracy against the
King, of which he had knowledge, for which he
was sentenced to death, but he was pardoned,
after being heavily fined (1540). Afterward he
lived in retirement.
ANDREANI, iin'dra-a'ne, Andrea (c. 1560-
1023). An Italian engraver on wood and copper.
Some of the most notable of his works are
"Pharaoh's Host Destroved in the Red Sea"
(after Titian), "The Triumph of C.Tsar" (after
Mantegna), and "The Triumph of Christ" (after
Titian). From using a similar monogram, his
work has sometimes been mistaken for that of
Altdorfer.
AN'DREAS CHES'NIUS. See Duchesne, André.
ANDREE, an'dra, Karl Theodor (1808-75).
A German geographer and journalist. He studied history at Jena, Gottingen, and Berlin, and from 1830 to 1855 was active in journalism, being connected with such publications as the Deutsche Reichszcitiinij and the Bremer flandelsblatt. He then gave his attention to geographical and ethnological studies, publisliing among
other works, T^ordameriha (second edition, 1854) ; Buenos Aires und die Argent inixrhe Republik (1856), and Geographic des WcUhandds (1863-72). In 1861 he founded the Globus, a geographical and ethnological publication.
ANDREE, Richard (1835—). A German ethnographer and geographer, son of the preced-
