ANKARSTRÖM, arj'kar stiein, Johan Jakob. See ANCKARSTRÖM.
ANKLAM, an'klam. A town of Prussia in the province of Pomerania, 44 miles northwest of Stettin, on the right bank of the Peene, and four miles from its mouth in the Kleine Haff (Map: Prussia, E 2). The river is navigable to Anklam, which has long been a place of commercial importance. It was at one time an important fortress, but in 1762 its fortifications were dismantled. Many of its private houses are excellent samples of German mediæval architecture. It has manufactures of linens and woolens; it has also several breweries, soap works, and tanneries, and ship-building is actively prosecuted. Anklam was settled by Germans in the twelfth century, and joined the Hanseatic League in 1244. During the wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it was repeatedly sacked. In 1720 it was acquired by Prussia. Pop., 1890, 13,000; 1900, 14,600.
ANKOBAR, an-kO'bfr, or ANKOBER. A
town in eastern Africa, the capital of the former
Abyssinian kingdom of Shoa, situated at an
altitude of over 8000 feet, in lat. 9° 34'
N. and long. 39° 53' E. (Map: Africa,
J 4). The climate is very healthful. The town
is surrounded by a wall and contains a royal
palace. Its population is estimated at from 7000
to 10.000.
ANKOLE. See Ankori.
ANKO'RI or ANKO'LE. A plateau of the Uganda Protectorate, British East Africa, lying between lakes Albert Edward and Victoria. Its plains range in elevation from 3000 to 7000 feet.
ANKYLOSIS, an'kl-lō'sis, (Gk. ἀγκύλωσις, ankylōsis, a stiffening of the joints, from ἀγκύλη, ankylē, the bend of an arm, a joint bent and stiffened by disease). A term used in surgery to Qenote a stiffness in joints, which is not dependent upon muscular rigidity. It is usually the result of disease which has caused the formation of fibrous adhesions or deposit of osseous material. Osseous union may render the joint perfectly rigid, or union may continue membranous, allowing of a certain amount of motion. Some joints, espceially the elbow, are very apt to become ankylosed; and in the knee or hip-joints this osseous ankylosis is reckoned the most favorable termination to disease, as the limb can then afford a rigid support for the trunk. Joints stiff through a membranous ankylosis may be forcibly bent, and the bond of union ruptured, so as to restore mobility, or allow of their being placed in a convenient position. Ankylosis of the joints between the ribs and the vertebræ is common in advanced age: and there are some cases on record of universal ankylosis of all the joints. Ankylosis is caused by injury, tuberculosis, gout, rheumatism, and syphilis. Passive motion, friction, massage, douches, and forcible motion under an anæsthetic are methods of treatment.
AN'NA (Hind. ana) . An East Indian coin, a sixteenth of a rupee, or about one and a quarter pence sterling, or three cents of United States money. It is money of account only. In Bengal accounts are kept in pice, twelve to an anna, and sixteen annas to the rupee.
ANNA, iin'na, Donna. In Mozart's opera Don Giovanni, the lady whose favor Don Giovanni and Don Ottavio both desire.
AN'NA, Saint. According to tradition, the
daughter of Mathan, priest of Bethlehem, and
the wife of St. Joachim. After twenty-one years
of barrenness, she is said to have given birth to
the Virgin Mary, the mother of the Saviour.
Nothing positive is known about her life: her
name does not occur in the Scriptures, nor even
in the writings of the Fathers during the first
three centuries. The first to mention her is St.
Epiphanius, in the fourth century: but toward
the eighth, she was all but universally invoked.
Her body was believed to have been transferred
from Palestine to Constantinople in 710 A.D.,
and her head to Chartrcs, by Louis de Blois,
about 1210 a.d. The inhabitants of Diiren, in the
Prussian Rhine Province, also pretend to
have a head of St. Anna: and a third is believed
to be in possession of the church at Ursitz, in
the diocese of Würzburg, although numerous
other churches claim to be equally favored. The
Roman Catholic Church has a festival in her
honor on July 26th, established in 1584; the Greek,
on December 9th. In Austria, Bavaria, and other
Catholic countries, this festival is one of great
importance. In honor of St. Anna the Fraternity
of St. Anna was instituted in the thirteenth cen-
tury. After the Reformation it was organized
anew by the Jesuits, and in modern times has
manifested some vitality in Bavaria and Cath-
olic Switzerland. She is the patron saint of
child-bearers and also of miners, and it was
upon her that Luther called for protection when
in the storm, and to her he vowed to become a
monk if rescued (1505).
AN'NABEL. In Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel (q.v.), the wife of Absalom. She stands for the Duchess of Monmouth, who was Anne Scott before marriage.
AN'NABEL'LA, Queen. In Scott's romance of The Fair Maid of Perth (q.v.), the queen of King Robert III. of Scotland.
ANNABERG, lin'na-berK. A town of the Kingdom of Saxony, in the district of Zwickau, on the right bank of the Sehma, 18 miles south of Chemnitz (Map: Germany, E 3). It is situated 1800 feet above the level of the sea. It has extensive manufactures of lace and of silk ribbon. The ribbon manufacture was introduced here by Protestant refugees from Belgium who fled from the persecution carried on by the Duke of Alva. Pop., 1890, about 15,000; 1900, 16,000.
ANNA BOLENA, iin'na bo-la'na. An Italian opera, the music of which is by Donizetti, text by F. Romani, produced at Milan in 1831.
ANNA COMNE'NA (1083-1148?). Author of one of the most valuable works in the collection of the Byzantine Historians. She was the daughter of the Emperor Alexius I. (Comnenus), and was born on December 1, 1083. She received the best education that Constantinople could give, and was betrothed to the son of Michael VII. After the death of her fiancé, she married Nicephorus Briennius. During the last illness of her father, she entered into a scheme, which her mother, the Empress Irene, also favored, to induce him to disinherit his eldest surviving son, John, and to bestow the diadem on her husband. As a punishment, Anna, with her mother, was shut up in a convent, where she remained until the death of her brother in 1143. The date of her death is unknown, but she was still at work on her history in 1148. She entitled this work
