Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 01.djvu/681

being, according to ancient ideas, one of the seats of life. In either case, the idea expressed by the religions and ceremonial anointing is that of establishing a covenant between the individual and the Deity, perhaps as the source- of life of which the oil serves in some way or the other as representative. It was the actual rubbing of the unguent over the head, face or feet whereby direct communion between the individual and the unguent «as brought about that constituted the essential part of the ceremonv, and not the mere act of pouring it over the head of a person. In the course of time, however, as the custom be- came more and more merely a mark of honor, the pouring over the head became the customary form of anointing. In the New Testament, anointing is merely referred to in the case of the sick; but the I'ite was adopted by the Roman Catholic and the various Oriental churches, and survives in the anointing of kings in England, Spain, and Russia. See also CmuSM; Corona- tion, and Extreme Unction: and for annointing of the dead, see Embalming.

ANOKA, a-no'ka. A eitj', the county seat of Anoka Co.. Jlinn., on the Rum River, at its confluence with the Mississippi. 15 miles north- northwest of Slinneapolis (Map: Jlinnesota, E 5). Anoka has a public library, fine schools, and manufactures of Ivunber in various forms, flour, machinery, etc. Under a charter of 18S!), the mayor is elected yearly, and the city council consists of six members. Pop., 18!t(), 42.52; 1900, 37G9.

ANO'LIS (in the Antilles, anoli, aiioalli, a lizard). A genus and family (Anolid^) of small, fine-scaled, metachroistic, iguanid lizards, numerous in the warmer parts of America, and represented in the United States by one species. See Chameleon. For ilhistration, see Lizard.

ANOM'ALIS'TIC YEAR. The interval that elapses between two successive passages of the earth through its perihelion, or point of nearest approach to the siui. If the earth's orbit had a fixed position in space, this period would corre- spond with that of a sidereal revolution, or the time the earth would take after leaving any point of the hcivens to return lj it again, as seen from the sun; but the disturbing influence of the other planets causes the perihelion to advance slowly (11". 8 annually) in the direction of the earth's motion, so that the anomalistic year is longer (4 minutes 39 seconds) than the sidereal. This will be better understood from the accompanying diagram, in which A'BB' rep- resents the elliptical orbit of the earth; 8, the

ELLIPTICAL ORBIT. sun; A, the perihelion; and AB, the longer axis. When the earth, after leaving A, comes back to it again after having completed a sidereal revo- . lution, it finds the longer axis AH, and with it the whole ellipse, advanced to A'B', and it has still to describe an arc of H".8 before it reaches its second perihelion. A'. The length of the anomalistic year is 365 day.s, G hours, 13 min- utes, 48 seconds. It receives its name from the anomaly (q.v.).

ANOM'ALISTS AND ANAL'OGISTS (for derivation, see below). Under this name were known in antiquity the representatives of the Xwo opposing views of the origin of language. The science of grammar was developed in the Alexandrian Age. although some l)eginning had been made in the earlier period, notably by Aristotle. The Stoics concerned themselves with questions as to the origin of language, and maintained that it was a natural growth, while the granunarians maintained that it was the product of convention. Chrysippus (q.v.) went further and taught that language was based on difference, irregularity {avu/ia/iia, anOinaUa); the Alexandrians, Aristophanes and Aristarchus, contended that regularity, analogy (avaXoylu, analogia) , was the rule, and that all departure from regularity is to be explained as an exception to the general law. The Pcrgamene School of grammarians, under the leadership of Crates of Mallos, adopted the anomalistic doctrine against, the analogistic teaching of the Alexandrians. When Crates was sent on an embassy to Rome in the middle of the second century B.C. he transplanted his doctrine to that city. The Alexandrians' views gained currenev there somewhat later, and the contest between the two doctrines lasted a long time. ^'Elius Stilo, the teacher of Cicero and Varro, favored ana!og;v'; C.-csar wrote two books, De Analofiia. now lost; and Varro de- voted Books VIII.-X., still extant, of his De Lin- gua Latina to a discussion of the two views. The analogistic view finally prevailed. Consult: Wheeler. "Analogy and the Scope of Its Application in Language, " Cornell Classical Studies (Ithaca, 1887); Henry, ^tude sur I'analogie (Paris, 1883); Paul, Introduction to the Sttidy of the History of Language, translated and edited by Strong (London, 1888); and Strong, Logeman and Wheeler. Introduction to the Study of the History of Language (London, 1891), which is founded upon Paul's work. See Philology.

ANOM'ALOUS DISPER'SION. This phenomenon will be found discussed in the article Light, particularly in the section dealing with ether and matter.

ANOM'ALU'RUS. See Flying Sqirrel.

ANOM'ALY (Gk. dvoiiiaXia, anomalia, irregularity, from df, an, negat. + 6fi.as. honialos, even, equal). The angle measured at the sun's centre between a planet in any point of its orbit and the last perihelion. In the figure in the article Anomalistic Year, if P be a planet, A'BIi' its orbit, S the sun, and A the perihelion, the angle ASP is the anomaly. It is so called because it was in it that the first irregularities of planetar,y motion were discovered.

ANO'NA. See Custard-apple.

ANON'YMOUS' (Gk. dv, an, negat. -|- 8pvna, onynia, .Eol. and Dor. for d(i'0;ua, onoma. name). A term applied to a book the author of which does not give his name; when an assumed name is given, the term pseudonymous is used. Worka