of this class constitute one of the greatest difficulties of bibliography. French literature possesses an excellent Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes, 4 volumes (third edition, Paris, 1872-79), by Barbier, embracing the titles of about 24,000 works. The best works in English are: Cushing, Anonyms (Cambridge, 1890) , and Initials and Pseudonyms (first series, New York, 1885; second series, New York, 1888); Halkett and Laing, Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature. 4 volumes (New York, 1882-88); Olphar Hamst, Handbook of Fictitious Names (London, 1868).
In France and Germany, literary criticism, when it extends beyond a brief notice, usually bears the author's name. In Great Britain and the United States, there is no uniform practice, though reviews are more commonly unsigned.
ANON'YMUS CUS'PINIA'NI. The Latin designation of an important anonymous manuscript, so called from the name of Joseph Cuspinianus, the scholar who brought it to notice about the beginning of the sixteenth century. It is an historical account of the quarter-century preceding the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The manuscript is in the Imperial Library at
Vienna.
ANOPH'ELES (Gk. (
Greek characters) anōphelēs, useless, harmful; from (Greek characters), an, priv. + (Greek characters) ōpheleia, help, use). A genus of mosquitoes which form the secondary hosts of malarial parasites, and conununicate disease. See Mosquito.
AN'OPLOTHE'RIUM: (Gk. (Greek characters), anoplos, unarmed + (Greek characters), thērion, wild beast) . A genus
containing several species of artiodactyl mammals that lived during late Eocene and early
Oligocene time in France and the British Islands,
and that soon became extinct without leaving
descendants. The remains of one species, Anoplotherium commune, of the size of a deer, occur
in such abundance in, the early Tertiary beds of
the Paris Basin as to justify the conclusion that
these animals ranged the forests of Tertiary time
in immense herds in much the same manner as
do the deer of the present day. The feet were
provided with three digits, two of which were of
equal size and of some length, while the third was
in the form of a reduced dew-claw. Anoplotherium is by some authors placed in close relation
to the Oreodonts, by others to the HipiJopotami.
See "Tertiary System," in The New International Encyclopædia, New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. (1905).
ANOR'THITE (Gk. (Greek characters), an, priv. + (Greek characters),
orthus, straight: i.e.. without right angles). An
aluminum calcium silicate of the feldspar group
of minerals. It crystallizes in the triclinic system, and is found in prismatic crystals in many
rocks; it has also been recognized as a constituent of certain meteorites.
ANOR'THOSITE (Fr. anorthose. triclinic
feldspar; see "Anorthite," in The New International Encyclopædia, New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. (1905)) . A rock of the gabbro
family composed largel}' of that variety of feldspar, rich in lime, known as labradorite. Anorthsite has a granitoid but generally also a
parallel structure, and in addition to labradorite
feldspar contains often augite, hypersthene, horn-
blende, etc. It contains on an average about
55% of silica, 28% of alumina, 10% of calcium,
5% of soda, and 1% of potash. Under the obsolete name of labradorite rock, anorthositr has
been described from the Adirondack Mountains
of New York, and from southwestern Norway.
It occurs also about Lake Superior. See "Gabbro," in The New International Encyclopædia, New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. (1905); "Labradorite," in The New International Encyclopædia, New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. (1905).
ANOS'MIA (Gk. (Greek characters), an, priv. + (Greek characters), osmē,
smell). A medical term, denoting a loss of the
sense of smell. It may be due to causes acting
either on the terminals of the olfactory nerve,
peripheral, or on that part of the nerve which
is witin the brain, central.
ANQUETIL, äNk'tḗl', Louis Pierre
(1723-1806). A French historian. At the age of
seventeen he joined the congregation of St.
Geneviève; was director of the Seminary of Rheims,
and afterward director of the College of Senlis.
In the Reign of Terror he was imprisoned in St.
Lazare. He was an early member of the Institute,
and secured a place as archivist in the
department of foreign affairs under Napoleon. His
best work was his Histoire de Reims (1756-57).
He also wrote several volumes of memoirs, such
as Louis XIV., sa cour et le régent (1789), and an
incomplete Histoire de France depuis les Gaules
jusqu'à la fin de la monarchie (1805).
ANQUETIL DUPERRON, dụ'pắ'rôn', Abraham Hyacinthe (1731-1805) . A French Orientalist, born in Paris. He studied theology and Oriental languages, and in 1754 enlisted as a private soldier for India. There, after securing the support of the French Government, he passed seven years in the collection and collation of manuscripts, and studied the language and doctrines of the sacred books of the Parsees. He returned to France in 1762, was elected a member of the Academy of Inscriptions in 1763, and in 1771 published Zend-Avesta, ouvrage de Zoroastre, 3 volumes, the first translation of Parsee religious works ever made into a European language. His further publications include L'Inde en rapport avec l'Europe (1790), and Oupnek’hat (1804), a Latin translation of a Persian rendering of the Sanskrit Upanishads, noteworthy as the source of Schopenhauer's knowledge of the Indian philosophy, by which his own system was not slightly influenced.
AN'SARIES, or ANSA'RIANS, but more
properly Nosairians. An Arab sect living in
the mountains between the northern part of
Lebanon and Antioch; found also in Antioch and
in various places along the Syrian coast and in
the interior. The origin of the sect is involved
in obscurity, though it appears probable that it
was founded by a certain Mohammed ibn Nosair
at the close of the ninth century. The sect
belongs to the so-called Shiitic branch of Islam
(q.v.), and may be described as the result of
the accommodation of Islam to the old Syriac
heathenism. Their tenets are therefore a
mixture of paganism and Mohammedanism, with
some faint suggestions from Christianity, particularly
in the form of Gnosticism. While their
doctrines bear a resemblance to those of the
Ismailitic sect, and they are clearly influenced
by this sect, still they manifest an independent
development of their beliefs. They divide time
into seven cycles, each corresponding to an
appearance of the divine spirit in some personality.
Divine honors are paid to Ali and his sons, who
became the representatives of the ancient deities
of Syria and Phœnicia. Ali is practically the
personification of the sun, and the standing
formula of the religion is, “I bear witness that
there is no god but Ali.” They also set up a
kind of trinity, associating with Ali, Mohammed
and Salman-al-Farisi. The latter two are emana-
