and Antiphon was brought to trial for treason for having attempted to negotiate peace with Sparta. Thucydides affirms that an abler de- fense was never made by any man in a similar position. He was condemned to death, his prop- erty was confiscated, his house razed to the ground, his remains forbidden interment in At- tica, and his children forever declared incapable of enjoying civic privileges. Of the sixty ora- tions which the ancients possessed, only fifteen have come down to us. Three of these are writ- ten foi' others, and are admired for their clear- ness, purity, and vigor of expression; the re- maining twelve appear to have been intended as specimens of school rhetoric for his pupils. Ed- ited by Blass (Leipzig, 1881). Consult also: Tildas, Alt ische Bercdsnmh-rlt (Leipzig, 1887-98); and .Tebb. Attic Orators (London, 187G-80).
ANTIPHON (Gk. 'Ai-npuv, Antiphon) and BRY'SON. tircek mathematicians of the fifth century B.C., who are credited with having intro- duced the ijroeess of exliaustion for the purposes of the quadrature problem. See Quadkature.
ANTIPH'ONY (Gk. ivrl, anti, against +
<j>uvj/, phonv, sound, voice). A name given by
the ancient Greeks to a species of musical ac-
companiment in the octave, by instruments or
voices, in opposition to that executed in unison,
which they called homophony. Antiphony is also
the name of a species of sacred song sung by two
parties, each responding to the other, a practice
which was cultivated in the early ages by the
Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans. Many of the
psalms of David show that antiphonal singing
was then in use. Its introduction into the Greek
Church is ascribed either to Ignatius, Bishop of
Antioch, in the second century, or to St. Chrysos-
tom, about 400 A.D.; and Ambrosius, Bishop of
Milan, is said to have introduced it into the
Western Church in the fourth century. The di-
viding of the antiphonies into verses, with rules
regarding the same, is attributed to Pope Celes-
tine in 432. The reformed Christian churches of
Germany and England have still retained a cer-
tain degree of antiphonal singing, and there are
several antiphonal choirs in America, notably
that in the church of the Paulist Fathers in New York. The chanting of the psalms in the English cathedral service is an imitation of the ancient antiphony.
ANTIPH'RASIS (Gk. dvT(0pa<ns, from ivrt, <inti, against, contrary -- <f>pd^ei.p, plirazein, to point out, declare, tell). A teclinical term used by the ancient rhetoricians and grammarians signif3'ing. etymologically, "contrary-speaking." Properly, it denoted the process of
expressing an idea, generally an unpleasant idea,
by using a word or expression of opposite mean-
ing to the natural one. Thus, the Furies were
called the Eumeiiides (the kindly minded ones),
and the Black Sea, though inhospitable
( uita'oc, axcinos) , was named Ponton Euxcinos
(the Hospitable Sea). The word antiphrasis
was used also in a broader sense of the process
of expressing one idea by negativing the oppo-
site; e.g., not unmindful, meaning empliatieally
mindful. This figure is, however, called dis-
tinctively Litotes.
ANTIPODES, an-t!p'fl-dcz (Gk. plur. ivTiira-
iti. from uvTi, anti, against -f- Troi'f, pons,
foot). Literally, those who have their feet over
against each other. As applied to geography,
the term means the inhabitants of any two oppo-
site points of the globe, or, in other words, the
dwellers at the opposite extremities of any di-
ameter of the earth. From this primary rela-
tion there necessarily arise many secondary rela-
tions. Antipodes must be on one and the same
meridian of longitude, separated from each other
by lialf the circumference. Being so situated on
one and in the same meridional circle, they must
differ in longitude exactly 180°, with the excep-
tion of the poles themselves, which have an inde-
terminate longitude; and being separated from
eacli other by half the circumference, they must
be equi-distant from the equator in opposite di-
rections. Take Edinburgli as an example, in
lat. 55° 57' N. and long. 3° II' W., its antipodes
must be in lat. 55° 57' S. and in long. 176° 49' E.,
which is merely an iindistinguishable spot in the
Antarctic or Southern Ocean. Take as anotlicr
example London, in lat. 51° 30' N. and long. 0° 5'
W. Its antipodes must be in lat. 51° 30' S. and
in long. 179° 55' E., coinciding pretty nearly with
a small island to the southeast of JSTew Zealand.
This small island, in honor rather of London
than of itself, has appropriated the peculiar
name Antipodes Island.
Between antipodes in general there neces- sarily exist also other secondary relations. With reference to the earth's daily rotation, noon of the one side must be midnight of the other; while with regard to its annual revolution, sum- mer and autumn of the one side must be winter and spring of the other. With respect, however, to the former contrast, some explanation may be required. If this, for instance, is Wednesday in London, was last midnight in that city the noon of Tuesday or of Wednesday at Antipodes Island? The answer to this question depends upon a conventional usage, according to which (with a few exceptions, dictated by practical considera- tions) the time of all places east of Greenwich is said to be later than that at Greenwich, and the time of all places west of Greenwich is said to be earlier than that at Greenwicli. To avoid con- fusion it has been agi-eed, further, to think of Antipodes Island as situated cast of Greenwich. With this in view, it is clear that the midflight in question at London corresponded to Wednes- day noon at Antipodes Island. See Interna- tional Date-line.
ANTIPODES IS'LAND. A small island southeast of New Zealand, in 49° 48' S. lat. and 178° 20' E. long., so called because it is nearly the antipode of London (Map: World, Western Hemisphere, 3). It is uninhabited, and has an area of only about 11 square miles. See An- tipodes.
AN'TIPOPE. A pontiff elected in opposition to one canonically chosen. The regular Pope of Rome were occasionally out of favor with a faction which chose its own bishop (e.g., Hippolytus, 218-223; Felix II., 35.5-350), but the first Antipope is reputed to be Laurentius, elected in 498, in opposition to Symmaclms. Several emperors of Germany set up Popes against tho.se whom the Ronums had elected without consulting them. Otho the Great displaced successively two Popes of Rome; and when the Antipope Sylvester III. had expelled Pope Benedict IX., Conrad II., Emperor of Germany, brought back this ecclesiastic, who transferred his dignity to Gregory VI. (1044). There were now, consequently, three Popes, and their number was Increased to four by the election of Clement
