II. in 1046. Shortly after, Alexander II. found a rival in Honorius II. (10«il), and in 1080 the same unseemly spectacle was witnessed when Henry IV., Emperor of (Jerniany, elevated to the papal chair Guibert of Ravenna, under the title of Clement III., in opposition to his im- placable adversary, Gregory VII. But after the death cf Gregory, Clement was himself opposed successively by Victor III. and Urban II., and at last died at a distance from Rome, having just beheld the exaltation of Pascal 11. as tlic suc- cessor of Urban. During the twelfth century several .iitipopes flourished, such as Gregory VIII. and Honorius III. On the death of the latter, France began to intermeddle in these dis- graceful strifes, and upheld the cause of Inno- cent II. against Anacletus, while the kings of Sic- ily, on the other hand, more than once set up a pontiff of their own against the choice of the emperors. Between 11.59 and 1378 there were four Antipo])es; but the most remarkable epoch is "the great schism of the West" ])roduced by these unedifying rivalries in 1378 — a schism which divided the Church for fifty j'ears. It broke out after the death of Gregor' XI. at the •election of Urban VI., whom the voice of the Roman people, demanding an Italian Pope and not one who should fi.x his pontificate, like sev- eral of his predecessors, at a distance from Rome, had elevated to the papal throne. The French cardinals objected, withdrew to Provence and elected a new Pope, under the name of Clem- ent Vil., who was recognized by France, Spain, Savoy, and Scotland, while Italy, Germany, Eng- land, and the whole north of Europe supjiorted Urban VI. These two Popes excommunicated each other; nor did they even fear to compromise their sacred character by their strife. The schism con- tinued after their death, when three Popes were elected by different parties, all of whom were de- posed by the Council of Constance, in 1415, and Cardinal Colonna elected in their place, under the title of JIartin V. The last Antipope was Felix V. (14.39-49). These divisions are often alleged as an argument against the doctrine of papal infallibility: but Catholics consistently affirm that the privilege of infallibility is only aclaimed in matters of doctrine, and has no relation to questions of fact, such as disputed succession or canonicity of election.
AN'TIPYRET'IC (Gk. iiv-!, anti, against -- TTvfirro:;, iiyretos, burning heat, fever). Any <lrug which low'ers febrile temperature by action upon the blood, the circulation, or the secretion of sweat, or by changes in heat production and dis- sipation through the nervous system. The most important are antipyrine, acetanilide, phenacetine, quinine, salicylic acid (qq.v. ) and its derivatives, and others of the benzene series. Less impor- tance than formerly is attached to the action of such drugs in diminishing temperature, as fever is now regarded as a symptom of some disturbance, a symptom which is in many cases best relieved by removing its cause. If the tem- perature is so high as to appear to be injurious in itself, or if it causes discomfort, these reme- dies nuiy be of value. JIany of them are effi- cacious also in relieving pain; e.g., salicylic acid in acute rheumatism; antipyrine, antifclirinc, or phenacetine in any painful febrile condition. Qui- nine is used in malarial fever, not for its antipyretic effect, but to overcome the malarial organism. (See Malaria.) Cold baths, sponges, packs, etc., are frequently employed to reduce temperature. Tlio antiiiyretie action of drugs is usually accompanied by more or less depression of the heart. See Cixciio.XA; Salicixic Acid.
AN'TIPY'RINE (derivation same as of antipyretics). An artificial alkaloid, having the composition C,,H,,N«0. It is a white, crystalline powder, freely soluble in water and alcohol, and having a slightly bitter taste. It diminishes the force and frequency of the heart's action and lowers the arterial tension; reduces the frequency of respiration and the amount of carbonic acid given off. and diminishes the amount of urine, of nrea, and of uric acid. The temperature of the body is diminished, partly on account of per- spiration, but also from increased radiation of heat on account of dilatation of the superficial blood vessels, and perhaps also from lessened heat production. Antiiiyrine tends to allay nervous irritability and to relieve pain. It some- times forms met-hnemoglobulin in the blood.
1. As an antipyretic, it is prompt, and, as a rule, very ellicient. The fall of temperature be- gins in half an hour, usually reaches its lowest point in from two to five hours, and lasts from five to eight hours. The fall is usually through several degrees, and sometimes below normal. It is generally accompanied by sweating, and occa- sionally by signs of heart failure.
2. As an analgesic, it is prompt and efficacious. It has proved of great value in all varieties of neuralgia, both superficial and visceral; in all forms of headache, ami in dysmenorrhoea. It is, of course, more servicealile when these conditions are of functional origin and not organic.
3. As an antiperiodic, it is of no value.
4. For rheumatism, it is frequently very use- ful, resembling in its action salicylic acid. It lessens the severity of an attack b}' relieving pain and reducing temperature, but seems to have no influence in diminishing the liability to heart complications, and is probably not curative.
5. As a nervous scrhifirc, it is of some value in epilepsy, but of doubtful utility in chorea. In whooping cough it often abates the frequency and severity of the paroxysms, but does not seem to shorten the course of the disease.
6. As an hypnotic, it seems to be of some use, inducing sleep by removing the pain or fever which prevents it.
7. As a hcemostatic, it is efficient locally in powder or solution.
8. For the morphine habit, it is used as a substitute for morphine, by mouth or hypodermically, but is of doubtful value.
Antipyrine frequently produces untoward symptoms. These may be grouped under: (1.) Circulatory. Cyanosis, frequent and feeble heart action, dyspnoea, sometimes collapse, occur not uncommonly. Serious symptoms have bean produced by ten or fifteen grains, and even death has been caused. This must be remembered especially in cases whe're the natural tendency of the disease is toward heart weakness. In these cases it is very advisable to give some stimulant with the anti-pyrine. If it has to be given frequently, great care must be used, as a cumulative action has been noticed in several cases. The dose which is at first safe may become poisonous if repeated several times in a day. Individual susceptibility varies greatly. (2.) Cutaneous. Among the rashes noticed are some which resemble measles, scarlatina, urticaria, erythema, and purpura. These are unpleasant, but not serious. (3.) Nervous. These include various paraesthesise.
