arrested, and after a trial that was a mockery of justice, condemned by the King to ten years' imprisonment in the galleys at Ceuta. The revolution of 1820 restored him to freedom. Ar- guelles became minister of the interior, but soon resigned, provoked beyond measure by the nar- row bigotry of the court. He continued a con- stitutional Liberal always. In the Cortes held at Seville, in 1823, he voted for the suspension of the ro3"al power; but after the violation of the con- stitution he Hed to England, where he remained till the amnesty of 18,'!2. On his return to Spain he was repeatedlj' made president and vice-presi- dent of the Chamber of Deputies, and always showed himself a moderate but unwavering re- former. In tluly, 1841, in the discussion of the law regarding the sale of Church property, he delivered liimself strongly against all concordats with tlic I'opc. Next to Espartero, he was the most popular man in the kingdom with the en- lightened party. During the regency of Espar- tero he was guardian to the young Queen Isa- bella. In his old age he still exhibited the tiery elocfuence that marked his youth. Consult: Eva- risto fSan Jliguel, Vida deD. A. Arguclles (Ma- drid, 18.31).
AR'GUMENT. In law, the address by- counsel to the court or jury, in which he argues upon the merits of his client's case in order to affect the decision or erdict to be rendered. Arguments to the jury are based upon the facts established or disputed in evidence at the trial of a cause, and upon matter of common knowl- edge of which the court may take judicial cog- nizance. Arguments addressed to the court may be based either upon the facts before it or ujjon the law. The time to be devoted to the argu- ment, its scope, and order, are subject to the discretionary control of the court. It is the usual practice to permit the attorney for a plaintiff or appellant both to open and close the argument. If in the argument the attorney goes beyond proper conmient upon the evidence, or indulges in abuse of a party or attorney in the case, or comments upon failure of a privileged witness to testify, or otherwise so conducts him- self as to unwarrantably inflame or prejudice the minds of the jurj', it may be ground for set- ting aside the verdict. See .Tl ry and the author- ities referred to linder Practice.
ARGUMENT (l,a.t. argumentum) . In logic, either the ground or premise on which a conclu- sion is rested, and, more specifically, the minor premise (see Logic), or a whole syllogism. Popularly, it is applied to a series of arguments, or to a controversy. Argumentum ad hoininem is an appeal to the knowai prepossessions or ad- mi.ssions of the persons addressed. For instance, an attempt may be made to silence an opponent, who has recently changed his mind, by sa^-ing: "Your well-known speech last winter leaves you the single course open of admitting that so-and-so is the case." Argujiientum ad rem is an argument pertinent to the issue. Argumentum c eunseiisu gentium, or nd judicium, is an appeal to the common belief of mankind. The Argumentum a Into rests upon the supposed safety or pruihmce of adopting a certain conclusion. Argumentum ad populum is an appeal to popular passions or prejudices. Argumentum ad ignorantiani is an artful attempt to estal)lish a statement by show- ing that we do not know the truth of its op- posite. Argumentum ad verecundiam is an ap- peal to a revered authority. Lastly, the arjru- mr.ntum a haculo is the use of the cudgel or of a browbeating manner to settle a dispute. Tliis form of argument is concise in its style, and has quickly adjusted many controversies.
ARGUN, iir-goon'. A river of Asia, which unites with the Shilka at Ust-Strielka, on the borders of Siberia and Manchuria, to form the Amur. It rises on the northern borders of Mon- golia, and has a generally easterly course of about 1100 miles, in the lower half of which it forms the boundary between Trans-Baikalea and Manchuria. Xot far from the middle point of its course it flows through a considerable lake called Dalai-Nor. In its upper course it bears the name of Kerulen.
ARGUN KHAN, ar-goon' Kan. See Mongol Dyna.sties.
AR'GUS (Lat. for Gk. "ApTos, Argos). (1) The son of Zeus and Niobe. He was the mj-th- ical ancestor of the Argives, and founder of Ar- gos, and wae worshiped at his grave, near that city. He was said to have introduced agricul- ture from Libya. Argus, surnamed Panoptes (all-seeing), had 100 eyes, some of which were always awake. For his watchfulness Hera chose him to guard lo (q.v.), who had been trans- formed into a cow. Hermes, sent by Zeus to steal the cow, killed Argus by stoning him, or, in the later version, charmed all his eyes to sleep and struck off his head. Hera used the eyes of Argus to decorate the peacock's tail. (2) Argus, the builder of the ship Argo. (See Argo- nauts.) (3) Argus is also the name of sev- eral Greek cities, of which the most celebrated was the historic capital of the Argolic plain. In Homer, Argus denoted the kingdom of Agamemnon, the entire Peloponnesus, and even the whole of Greece. (4) ArguSj the dog of Odysseus, who, after twenty years, recognized his master on his return in spite of his disguise, and died of joy.
ARGUS, The. See Ao.EN, William Henby.
ARGUS PHEASANT. See Pheasant.
ARGYLL, tir-gll', Archibald Campbell, Marquis of (1508-1601). A Scotch political character of the Seventeenth Century. Iii his sixteenth year he saw service under his father, whom he succeeded, as eighth earl, in 1038. Already he had given proofs of that strength of religious principle which marked his whole life and of a periloiis union of attachment to Charles I., and of faith in the principles against which the King made Avar. In the General Assembly at Glasgow, in November, 1038, he openly took the side of the Covenanters, and thenceforth became recognized as their political head. In 1640 he commanded a military expedition through Badenoch, Athole, Mar, and Angus, for the purpose of enforcing subjection to the Scottish Parliament. The King, on his visit to Scotland in 1641, found it convenient to show peculiar favor to Argyll, and created him a marquis. On the breaking out of hostilities, Argyll was still desirous for negotiation, but was linally compelled to take the field. In April, 1044, he dispersed the Royalist forces under the Marquis of Huntly in Aberdeenshire. He was less successful in withstanding the genius of Montrose, who, on February 2, 1645, almost annihilated his army at Invcrlochj'. His estates had suffered so much in the preceding year from the ravages of the brilliant Cavalier that a sum of public money was voted for his support. In August,
