G, he went to Londun, with Louilon and Dun- fermline, to treat with tlie Parliament for a mitigation of the articles i)resentcd to the King. He was at the same time the bearer of a secret commission from the King to treat with the l)uke of Richmond and the Marquis of Hertford. on the proprii'ty of a Soottish demonstration in favor of Charles. On the defeat of the "engage- ment" pl.an, to which he had been decidedly op- posed, the government of Scotland devolved on Argyll and the other Presbyterian leaders. In the Parliament of February, 1(14!). Charles 11. was proclaimed king, and at Scone, on January 1, 1651, Argyll put the crown on his head. At this time, it was even said that the complaisant monarch intended to marry one of his daughters. As head of the committee of estates, Argyll took vigorous measures to oppose Cromwell's invasion of Scotland, and still ad- hered to the King, after the subjugation of the country. After the battle of Worcester, he re- tired to Inverary, where he held out for a year against Cromwell's troops. Falling ill, he was taken prisoner by General Dean. He refused sub- mission to the Protector, but made an engage- ment to live peaceably, which he strictly kept. On the Restoration, he repaired to Whitehall, encouraged by a llattering letter from the King to his son. Impeached with the crime of having submitted to the usurper (to whom he had re- fused allegiance), he was committed to the Tower, and on February 13, 1601, was brought before the Scottish Parliament on the charge of treason. He defended himself with spirit, but in vain. On the 27th of May, he was executed at Edinburgh — having displayed throughout his whole trial, and on the seafTold, , the dignity of a true nobleman, and the meekness of a Christian. Conflicting estimates of Argj'll's character have been written; cowardice in the field has been proved against him, and Scott places him in an unfavorable light in his Legend of Montrose.
ARGYLL, Archibald Campbell, ninth Earl of (?-llJ85). Eldest son of the preceding. He was early distinguished by personal accomplishments, and exhibited great bravery on the disastrous day of Dunbar, where he commanded a regiment on the Royalist side. After Worcester, he continued, like his father, in arms, and made himself so obnoxious to the Parliamentary lead- ers that he was specially excepted by Cromwell from the Act of Grace in 1654. After much harassing persecution, he submitted to the Parliament, but continued to be closely watched. On the restoration of Charles 11., he was received into high favor (as a balance to the execution of his father), and, unfortunately for his own fame, participated in some of the iniquitous acts of the Scottish Legislature. He had, however, numerous and active enemies; and, on the ground of an intercepted letter, in which he had complained of neglect, he was tried and condemned to death by the Scottish Parliament for the imaginary crime of Icesa majestas. The influence of Claren- don restored him to liberty and favor; even the King himself was prejudiced in his favor, but in taking the test oath framed by the Scottish Parliament in 1681, his added reservation, "So far as consistent with the Protestant faith," was declared treasonable, and he was again con- demned to death. The devotion of his wife en- abled him to escape from Edinburgh Castle in the disguise of a page, and, after remaining con- cealed some time, he lied to Holland. On the accession of .Tames II., he landed in the north of Scotland, in May, 1685, with an armed force, to cooperate in the revolt of Monmouth, but after a series of misfortunes, was taken prisoner, hastily condemned, and beheaded, .June 30, 1085. His son Archibald, one of the deputation sent by the Scottish Convention to present the crown to the Prince of Orange, was in 1701 created Duke of Argyll.
ARGYLL, iir-gil', (Jeorge .Totix Doitglas Cajifbell, eighth Duke of ( 1823-1 r.uO) . lie suc- ceeded his father in 1847. At the age of nineteen, while ilarquis of Lornc, he wrote a pamphlet entitled .1 I.etter to the Peers frotii a Peer's >S'o)i, on the struggle which ended in the disruption of the Scottish Church. In 1848 he published an essay on presbytery, which contains a his- torical vindication of the Presbyterian system. On the fornuition of the coalition ministry by Lord Aljerdeen he was invested with the office of Lord f^rivy Seal, which he continued to hold in Lord Palnierston's administration. In 1855 he relinquished his office and became Postmaster- General. In 1850, on Palnierston's return, he again accepted office. He was secretary of state for India under Mr. Gladstone in 1868-74, and Lord Privy Seal in 1880-81 ; lie resigned office in 1881. disapi)roving the Irish Land Bill. In 1874 he had supported the abolition of patron- age in the Church of Scotland. In 1854 he was chosen Lord Rector of the University of Glas- gow: in 1855 presided at a meeting of the British Asoeiation in that city, and in 1861 was elected president of the Royal Society of lulinburgh. He was hereditary master of the t^ueen's household in Scotland, Chancellor of the Cniversity of Saint Andrews, a trustee of the British Museum, also hereditary sheriff and lord-lieutenant of Argjdlshire. Besides numer- ous papers on zoology, geology, etc., he wrote The Reign of Lair (1866) ; Primeval Man (180!)) ; A History of the Antiquities of lona (1871) ; The Unity of 'Nature (1884) ; a volume of poems. The Burdens of Belief (1894); and Organic Eroliition (1898). Though Argj-11 is best known by The Reign of Laic, which has become a classic in the defense of theism, all his work shows very great ability. He was also one of the most finished orators of his time.
ARGYLL, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of (1845 — ). An English statesman and author. He was born in London, and was educated at Eton, Saint Andrews University, and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was returned to Parliament as a Liberal from Argyll- shire, which he represented from 1868 to 1878. In 1871 he married Louise, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. From 1878-83. as Marquis of Lome, he was Governor-General of Canada, his administration being markedly popular and successful. In 1805 he was returned to Parliament from South JIanchester. He succeeded to the dukedom of Arg'll in 1900. He has published .'i Trip to the Tropics (1867) ; Ouido and Lita (1S75) ; The Psalms Literally Rendered in Verse (1877) ; Imperial Federation (1885) ; and Canadian Pictures (1885) ; and he was appointed to prepare the official life of the late Queen Victoria (1002).
ARGYLL, John Campbell, second Duke of (1678-1743). A Scotch general and statesman. He was the son of the first duke, and took an
