important part in the political and military affairs of his time. As royal commissioner in 1705, he had a principal share in bringing about the union of England and Scotland. As a soldier he distinguished himself under Marlborough at Ramillies, Oudenardt', Lille, Ghent, and Jlal- plaquet. Previous to the change of ministry in 1710, Argyll had been a strong Whig. He now joined the Tories in opposing the Duke of Marl- Ijorough. As a reward he was appointed by the Tories generalissimo of the British army in Spain ; but, considering himself to have been slighted by the ministry, he soon after returned, and finding his influence greatly diminished, he again became a Whig. His career up to the re- bellion of 1715 was tortuous, and seriously de- tracts from his meritorious services during that critical period. He was, however, placed in command of the King's forces in Scotland, and was completely successfiil in quelling the Jaco- bite rising. His services were rewarded in 1718 with an English peerage, and the title of Duke of Greenwich. In 1721 he again played into the hands of the Tories, for the purpose of securing the entire patronage of Scotland. In 1737 he rose into immense popularity in his own country by his spirited defense before Parlia- ment of the city of Edinburgh in regard to the Porteous mob. Pride and passion rather than ambition were the motives which chiefly con- trolled him. He was endowed with remarkable oratorical gifts, but the shiftiness of his policy prevented him from ever attaining a place com- mensurate with his seeming abilities. He was noted for his kindness and courtesy in private life. The benevolence of his disposition procured liim the title of "the Good Duke of Argj-ll." See the flattering description of him in Scott's Heart of Midlothian. See also his Life, by Robert Campbell (1745).
ARGYLL AND THE ISLES, James Robert Alexander Chinnery-Haldane, Lord Bishop of (1843—). A Scottish prelate. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, took orders in 1860, and was curate of All Saints, Edinburgh, from 1869 to 1876. From 1876 to 181(5 he was rector of Nether Locliahcr. and in 1881-83 was Dean of Argyll and the Isles. In 1883 he became bishop. Among his publica- tions may be mentioned The Scottish Communi- cant and The Communicant's Guide.
ARGYLL'SHIRE (Argyle, Gaet. Airer-Gaedhel, district of the Gaels ) . A county in the west midland division of Scotland, bounded west and south by the sea ( Map : Scotland, C 3 ) . Its greatest length is about 115 miles; greatest breadth, about 55 miles ; its extent of coast line is very great, amounting to 2289 miles, owing to the Jndentation of the coast by the numerous lochs running inland. Next to Inverness, it is the largest county in Scotland; area, 3210 M|uare miles, of which 623 are occupied by numerous islands. The county is divided into the districts of Cantire, North and South Arg>'ll, Lorn, Appin, Cowal, Morven, and Sunart. The chief islands are Mull, Islay, .Tura, Tirec, Coll, Lismore, and Colonsay, with lona and Staffa. There are upwards of 30 other islands of smaller size. The general aspect of Arg^'ll is wild and picturesque, marked by rugged and lofty mountains and deep inland bays. Some fertile valleys exist. Sheep and cattle rearing are the chief occupations of the people. More sheep are reared in Argyll than in any other Scotch county, and nearly 1,000,000 acres are in permanent pasture. Argyll abounds in deer and other game. Loch Yyne is famed for its herrings. Loch Awe abounds in salmon and trout. There are also some mineral industries. The chief towns and villages are Inverary, the capital. Campbelton, Oban. Dunoon, Appin. Lochgilphead and Tarbert. Population, in 1801, 81,300; in 1851. 89,300; in ISOl. 75,000; in 1901, 73,700, the decrease being chiefly due to emigra- tion. Consult: Lord A. Campbell, Records of Ar- gyll (Edinburgh, 1885).
ARGYROPTULOS, iir'ge-ro-pUo'los, Johannes ll41tj-7ol. A Greek humanist, who contributed largely to the revival of Greek learning in the West. He was born at Constantinople, but wpnt to Italy at an early age, and in 1456 was called by Cosmo de Jledici to the chair of Greek and the Aristotelian philosophy at Florence. There his pupils included Lorenzo and Pietro de' iledici, Politianus, Eeuchlin, and Aeciaioli. In 1471 he removed to Rome, where he died. His chief works were Latin translations of Aristotle, and a commentary on the Ethics of that philoso- pher.
ARIA, a're-a or a'ri-a. or AIR (It., from Lat, Of)-, Engl, air, in the meaning style, manner; for similar development of meaning, cf. modus, mode, nuisical mode). In music, a rhythmic song or melody as distinguished from recitative (q.v.). At one time the term was applied to a broad, flowing melody or set number in any music — even instnimentfil nnisic, as e.g. Bach's Aria for the violin. At present it almost ex- clusively denotes a lyrical piece for one voice, with instrumental accompaniment. It is sung either by itself, when it bears the name of concert aria, or in an opera, cantata, or oratorio. In its modern form, it represents the grand, or da capo, form invented by Alessandro Scarlatti (q.v.), and consists of three sections: (1) the general theme, the lyric outburst introduced (sometimes after an instrumental prelude — ritor- nello) and worked out in broad style; (2) a less agitated part richly harmonized and contra- puntally elaborated; (3) a repetition of the first section with various embellishments. AriETT.v ( Italian, diminutive of aria ) is a short aria. Aricso is a melody which follows less strictly the rigid form of the aria, and has more of the effect of recitative. Ari.a Buffa is a comic aria.
A'RIAD'NE (Gk. ".VaSnj). A daughter of Minos. King of Crete, by Pasiphae. In the earliest form of the story Ariadne, while on her way to Athens with Theseus, was killed by Artemis. The more common version told how, when Theseus (q.v.) landed in Crete with the offerings for the Minotaur. .Ariadne loved the youthful stranger, and enabled him to slay the monster and escape from the labyrinth. Theseus secretly carried her with him from Crete, but abandoned her on the island of Naxos. The earlier writers seem to have attributed this desertion to the will of Dionysus, Mhile later the faithlessness of Theseus was made prominent. Dionysus found the deserted Ariadne, and made her his bride, placing her crown among the stars, .riadne. as left forsaken by Theseus, and as found and married by Dionysus, has been a favorite subject with artists.
A'RIAL'DUS. A deacon of the Church of Milan, who flourished during the Eleventh Century, and was called the Patarene, an opprobri-
