England in 1873 to explore the northeastern frontier of Persia, and described his journey in Clouds in the East (1876). In 1875 he was imprisoned and cashiered for insulting a lady in a railway carriage. He entered the sei-vice of the Sultan in 1877, took part in the Turko- Russian War as major-general unattached in Mehemet All's army, and wrote a history of that campaign, entitled The War in Bulgaria (2 vols.. 1870). He was summoned to Cairo by the Khedive in 1882, and was ap])ointed com- mander-in-chief of the Egyptian army. Ordered to Suakim after the defeat of Hicks Pasha (November, 1883), he was defeated near Tokar by a body of Osman Digna's troops in 1884. He then returned to England, and in 1885 was appointed to General Wolseley's staff; but Queen Victoria refused to ratify any appoint- ment restoring him to the British Army. In 1887 he went again to Egypt, and died at Tel el-Kebir.
BAKER, William Mumford (1825-83). An American author, born in Washington. He graduated at Princeton, and was a Presbyterian pastor successively at Galveston and Austin, Tex., and at Newburyport and South Boston, Mass. Besides Inside: A Chronicle of Secession (1806), considered his most important work, he wrote a number of tales, including The Virginians, in Texas (1878): The New Timothy, His Majesty Myself (1879) ; and Blessed Saint Certainty (1881).
BAKER, AND THE BAKER'S WIFE, The. Popular names for Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette, because of their giving bread to the starving rioters who collected before the Palace of Versailles, October 6, 1789.
BAKER CITY. A city and county-seat of
Baker County, Ore.. 357 miles east by south of
Portland, on the Powder River, and on the line
of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Com-
pany ( Map : Oregon, H 5 ) . It is in the centre
•of the eastern Oregon mining region, and has a
considerable trade as a distributing point for
this district, as well as an export trade in
lumber, wool, live stock, and products of the
mines. Gold-mining, lumbering, stock-raising,
and agriculture are the leading industries, and
manufacturing interests are represented by saw
and planing mills, iron-works, brewery, brick-
yards, etc. Among points of interest in or near
the city are the opera-house. Masonic temple,
natat-orium, and several of the mines. Settled
in 1860, Baker City was incorporated in 1872.
Under a charter of 1898, the government is
vested in a mayor, biennially elected, and a
eitv coiuicil. There are municipal water-works.
Population, in 1890, 2604; in 1900, 6663.
BAK'ERIES, Military. See Field Kitch-
en.
BAKER'S AN'TELOPE. A large antelope
{Hippotrnrjus Bakeri) of the Sudan, with horns
of a massive type. It is pale liver-red. with pen-
ciled ears and some black stripes on the shoul-
ders. It was named after its discoverer, Sir
Samuel Baker.
BAKER'S DOZ'EN. The number thirteen
instead of the usual twelve. The custom of
using thirteen for a dozen is supposed to have
originated when heavy fines were imposed for
short weights, and the bakers in particular gave
an extra unit to secure themselves against a
possible short weight. The number thirteen has
also been called the Devil's Dozen, referring in
that case to the number of witches who assem-
bled at each of their great festivals, and to the
superstition that thirteen is an unlucky number.
See Witchcraft.
BAK'ERSFIELD. A city and the county-
seat of Kern County. Cal.. 85 miles northwest
of Los Angeles ; on the Kern River, and on the
Southern Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka, and
Santa Fe railroads (Map: California, D 4).
It has a public library and fine county buildings.
The city controls important commercial interests
as the centre of an oil, live-stock, and fruit-grow-
ing region; and contains foundries and machine-
shops, refineries, planing and flouring mills,
fruit and meat packing houses, tank factory,
etc. Valuable electric power, derived from the
Kern River, is utilized by the street railway,
water and electric-light companies, and manufac-
turing industries, and in several irrigation
plants for pumping purposes. Bakersfield was
settled in 1872. Population, in 1880, 801 ; in
1890, 2626; in 1900, 4836.
BAKE'WELL (anciently, Badecan - willan, '
protected wells, from AS. J,eccai?, Ger. decken, to i
cover = icella, wylla, spring, Eng. well). A small
but ancient town in Derbj'shire, England, on the
Wye, 25 miles northwest of Derby. It lies in
the midst of beautiful scenery; in the vicinity
are black marble and limestone quarries, and
coal and lead mines. The celebrated .rkwright
first established cotton-mills here. The town
has chalybeate springs and warm baths, and a
spacious old Gothic church. Three miles from
the town is Chatsworth House, the seat of the
Duke of Devonshire. Population, in 1891, 2791;
in 1901. 2S50.
BAKHMUT, bJiK-mont'. The chief town of
the district of the same name, in the Government
of Yekaterinoslav. South Russia (Map: Russia,
E 5 ) . It lies in a hollow on the banks of the
Bakhmut, a shallow affluent of the North Donetz
River. In its immediate vicinity are deposits of
salt, in purity and thickness of vein rivaling
those of Boehnia and Wieliczka. A number of
foreign companies exploit the mineral, from
which they also manufacture soda. The region,
within a radius of 60 to 80 miles, aboiuids in
coal, both of the cheaper and the anthracite
varieties. In the city salt is manufactured by
the evaporating process from water drawn from
wells. The product is accounted among the best
in the world and is exported abroad. .Among
tlie industrial establishments are glass, fire-proof
brick, lime, and cement factories; iron and flour
mills and breweries. The town was settled in
the Seventeenth Century, and was surrounded by
a wooden wall in 1703; eighty years later it was
l>romoted to the rank of chief town of the dis-
trict. Population, in 1897. 19,400.
- s11 #
BAKHTCHISARAI, biiK'ch^-sa-rl' (Pers., palace of gardens, from bakhlcha, garden, orchard 4- snri'il. palace, inn). The residence of the ancient princes or khans of the Crimea, situa-
