partial abolition of serfdom. He boeame privat- doeent at Greifswald in 1800, and was made professor there in 1800. After the battle of Jena he fled to Sweden, and there, in 1807, he began to issue stirring appeals against Napoleon, under the title Der Ocist der Zeif. He returned after three years to his professorial work. In 1812 he sought refuge in Russia, called thither by Baron von Stein, the great German statesman, who was there organizing the agitation against Xajjolcon. Arndl's finest poems — among tln'm "Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland," and "Der tiott der Kisen waehsen liess" — belong to this period; also stirring appeals in prose, sxich as Deutscher Yulkskdtcchismu.t (1812) ; ^y(lshedeutct Landirchr und Landsturmt (1813); Der Rhcin, Deutxchlands Strom fiber iiicht Deutschlands Orenze (1813); collated in tichriften fiir nnd an meine lirben Deutschen (3 vols., 1845). After the French disaster in Russia (1812), he returned to Prussia, in which his hopes of German unity centred, and gave himself up to the agitation that resulted in the War of Liberation, which culminated in the battle of Leipzig (1813). In 1817 he married a sister of the great Liberal preacher and philosophic theologian, Schleiermacher, and in 1818 was made professor of history in the newly cstablislied iniiversity at Bonn. As his lilieral views were at variance with the Government's reactionary policy, he was soon suspended (1820), and passed the next twenty years in honorable and honored retirement, writing historical essays of minor value, and his interesting Erinncrungen ana meinein iiussern Lehen. On his accession to the Prussian throne, Frederick William IV. restored Arndt to his professor.ship (1840). German unity was still his dream. He took a lively intercut in the events of 1848. and was one of the deputation to ofl'er to the Prussian King the Imperial crown of Germany. The ninetieth birthday of Father Arndt. as he had come to be called, was celebrated throughout his still dis- united country: a month later he died at Bonn, January 29, 1860. Eleven years later the ideal of his life was realized by the proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles. Arndt was neither a great scholar nor a great pnet, but he was a noble character and a manly patriot. Editions of his war songs are numberless. His Eriiiiwrunfien form the basis of E. M. Seeley's Life and Adventures of E. M. Arndt (1879). There are German Lives by Schenkel (2d ed., Elberfeld, 18(19) ; Langenberg (Bonn, 1809) ; and Baur (Hamburg, 1882) ; and a volume of Arndt's Letters to a Friend (liriefe an eine Fremiti") , edited by Langenberg (Berlin, 1878).
ARNDT, or ARND, .Ton.NN ( I.'i.'i5-lfi21 ) . A
German Lutheran divine. He was born at Bal-
lensledt, Anhalt, December 27, L5.55. and was
educated at llelmstedt, Wittenberg, Strassburg,
and Basel. He became pastor at Badeliorn, An-
halt. in 1.583, but was deposed in l.'iOO be-
cause he resisted the order of Duke John (?eorge
to remove the pictures from his church and cease
the use of exorcism in baptism. Later that year
he was appointed to a place at Qucdlinburg,
but was glad to leave it in 1.599 and go to
Brunswick, because he had fallen into disfavor
with the townspeople. His ardent piety was an
offense to the dead orthodoxy of his associates,
and he welcomed the call to Eisleben (1G08),
but only stayed until 1611, when he became
general superintendent at Celle, Hanover, and
there died, May 11, 1021. His enduring fame
rests upon his True Christianity (Magdeburg,
1610), and his Garden of Paradise (Magdeburg,
1G12) ; new editions of both, with biograph-
ical sketch by F. V, Krummacher, second
edition (Leipzig, 1850) ; best English trans-
lation of the former is that edited bv Charles F.
SchaefTer (Philadelphia, 1868) ; of the latter
there is an English translation by A. W. Boehm
(London, 1716). Arndt nourished his soul upon
the Scriptures and the mystics, and his works
develop that spirit which afterwards was called
pietistie, but is none the less devotional and
practical. For his biography consult: F. Arndt
(Berlin, 1838), and tlic Krummacher sketch
quoted above.
ARNBT, WiLiiELM (1838-95). A German
historian. He was born at Lobscns, Province of
Posen, Prussia, and after studying history at
the University of (iiittingen became established
at the University of Leipzig. He publislied
Kleine Denkmiiler aus der Meroicinyerzeit
(1874), and Schrifttafeln zur Eriernunc/ der
lateinischen I'aliiociraphie (third edition, 1897).
He was for manj' years collaljorator on the
Uonnmenta Gcrmaniw Hintorica, and in 1881
published at I^eipzig a second edition of Goethe'3
Letters to the Countess Aiiiiustc ^ii Stolherg.
ARNBTS VON ARNESBERG, Ludwig (1803-78). A German jurist, who did much to develop the science of jurisprudence. He was born in Arnsberg, Prussia, and was successively professor of jurisprudence in Bonn, Breslau,
Munich, and Vienna universities, being at the
last institution from 1855 until his death. He
favored warmly Austria's claims for admission
to the German Empire, and ised his influence to
that end in 1848. when in the National Assembly
of Frankfort. He was knighted by Austria in
1871. His best-known works are the LetirliKrli
der Pandekten (ed. 13. 1886), and the Juris.tisehe Enri/riopiidie und Methodolocfie (ed. 8, 1887).
ARNE, iirn, TiioM.s Augustine (1710-78).
An eminent English composer. He was born in
London, and received his early education at
Eton. His father, who was an upholsterer, in-
tended to educate him for the bar; but the
love of music was too strong to be restrained.
Young Arue became skillful as a violin-player,
forming his style chiefly on the model of Corelli; and his zeal in the study of music induced his sister (afterwards celebrated as Mrs. Gibber) to cultivate her excellent voice. He wrote for her a part in his first opera, I'osuinond. whieh was first performed with great success in 1733. Next followed his comic operetta, Tom Thumb, or the Opera of' Operas: and afterwards his Conius (1738), which displayed greater cultivation of style. He married a singer. Cecilia Young (1730), and after a successful visit to Ireland was engaged as composer to Drury Lane Theatre, and wrote nianj- vocal pieces for the Vauxhall concerts. The national air "Rule Britannia," which was originally given in a popular performance, the masque of Alfred, is of his composition. He composed also two oratorios, Abel and Judith, a number of operas, including Artaxerxes, in the Italian style (1762). His genius was better adapted to simple pastoral melody than to great dramatic compositions, and he wrote many glees, catches, canons, and songs, and the music to Garrick's "Ode to Shakespeare" for the Jubilee at Stratford-on-Avon in 1769.
