His son, Michael (1741-86), was also a composer. He died in London. Consult W. A. Barrett, English Glee and Part Songs (London, 1886).
ARNETH, ilr'net,
Alfred, Ritter von (1819-97). An eminent Austrian historian. He was born in Vienna, and after completing a course of legal studies entered the Austrian Government service as an employee in the Imperial archives at Vienna. In 1848 Arneth was sent to the Frankfort Parliament as a representative from the district of Neunkirchen, and in 1861 was elected to the Diet of Lower Austria. In 1868 he was appointed director of the State archives, and in 1869 he was nominated by the Emperor a life member of the Austrian Upper Chamber. In 1879 he was chosen president of the Imperial Academy of Sciences at Vienna. Arneth wrote a number of scholarly works on Eighteenth-Century Austrian history, especially the eventful Reign of Maria Theresa. His chief works are: Geschichte Maria Theresias (10 vols., 1863-79); Prinz Eugen von Savoyen (3 vols., 1858-59); Joseph II. und Leopold von Toscana, ihr Briefwechsel (2 vols., 1872); Marie Antoinette: Correspondance secrète entre Marie Thérése et le comte de Mercy-Argenteau (3 vols., 1874). He left an interesting autobiography, Aus meinem Leben (Vienna, 1891).
ARNETH, Joseph Calasanza, Ritter von (1791-1863). An Austrian numismatist and archæologist, born at Leopoldschlag, Upper Austria. He became custodian of the Cabinet of Coins and Antiques in Vienna, and director of that institution in 1840, in which capacity he rendered very valuable services to the department of numismatics. Among his more important works are: Synopsis Numorum Græcorum (1837); Synopsis Numorum Romanorum (1842); Das k. k. Münz- und Antikenkabinett (1845); Die antiken Kameen des k. k. Münz- und Antikenkabinetts (1849); Die Cinque-Cento-Kameen und Arbeiten des Benvenuto Cellini und seiner Zeitgenossen (1858).
ARNHEIM, iirn'hini.
See Arnhem.
ARNHEIM', Hans Georg. See Arnim, Hans Georg.
ARN'HEM (anciently, Lat. Arenacum). The capital of the Dutch Province of Gelderland, situated on the Rhine, 35 miles southeast of Utrecht (Map: Netherlands, D 3). It is a place of historic interest. It has elegant promenades constructed on the ramparts of the old city. One of its notable edifices is the Groote-Kerk, or Dutch Reformed Church, which was begun in 1452. It has a tower 318 feet high, and contains the tomb of the Duke of Gelderland, the opponent of Charles V. The town hall, erected in the Fifteenth Century, is called the Duivelhuis, from its grotesque decorations. Arnhem has an art school, and a normal school for women, besides an art museum, the Museum van Oudheden en Kunst, and public library. The trade of the town is with Germany, chiefly in grain and tobacco, while it manufactures furniture, wagons, mirrors, and scientific instruments. Arnhem was formerly the residence of the Dukes of Gelderland. In the Thirteenth Century and during the Middle Ages it was a member of the Hanseatic League. It was taken by the French in 1672, and stormed by the Prussians in 1813. Population, in 1895, 54,180; in 1900, 56,812.
AR'NICA (commonly given as corruption of ptarmica; doubtful). A genus of plants belonging to the natural order Compositæ. The species are few in number and are found only in the north temperate and Arctic regions. The root, leaves, and flowers of the mountain arnica (Arnica montana), sometimes called mountain tobacco, are much valued in medicine, and are administered in various forms as a stimulant in paralytic affections, typhoid fevers, and other diseases. They are also applied with much benefit to bruises, to promote the reabsorption of extravasated blood. They contain a peculiar volatile oil, a resin, an extractive matter, and a bitter principle called arnicin. The root is perennial and crooked, the stem about 2 feet high, simple or little branched, with few leaves, bearing on the summit a head of flowers of dark golden yellow, often 2 inches in breadth. It flowers from June to August, forms an ornament of mountain meadows in Germany and Switzerland, and is found, upon the Continent of Europe, as far south as Portugal and as far north as Lapland. Other species have locally the same qualities attributed to them as Arnica montana. For illustration, see Dicotyledons and Flower.
ARNIGIO, ilr-ne'jo,
Bartolommeo (1523-77).
An Italian poet who was born at Brescia, and died there of the plague.
ARNIM, är′nī̇m, Elisabeth von, better known as Bettina (1785-1859). A sister of Clemens Brentano, and wife of Achim von Arnim, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main. She is noted chiefly for her friendship with Goethe (1807-11) and her pretended Correspondence of Goethe with a Child (Goethes Briefwechsel mit einem Kinde) (1838), which is in large part fictitious. Genuine sonnets of Goethe in it were addressed, not to her, but to Minna Herzlieb. As a work of fiction its merits are great. It is original, fresh, lively, and graphic, though with the usual romantic faults of construction; and in its speculative pages it is unintelligible. A similar volume of Correspondence with Caroline von Günderode is equally interesting, as is also a collection of real Letters to and from her brother Clemens. She was a true member of a brilliantly eccentric family, keen, witty, capricious, vain, untruthful. Her translation of her Correspondence with Goethe into English is one of the curiosities of literature.
ARNIM, är'nĭm, or ARNHEIM, ärn'hīm,
Hans Georg von (1581-1641). A German general
in the Thirty Years' War. He was born at
Boitzenburg in Brandenburg. He fought under Gustavus
Adolphus against Russia in 1613, served in
the Polish forces, and in 1626 entered the
Imperial service under Wallenstein and was
appointed a field-marshal. Being a Protestant,
he left the Imperial service on account of
the Edict of Restitution, entered that of the
Elector John George of Saxony, and was in command
of the left wing of the army of Gustavus
Adolphus at Breitenfeld (1631). He was one
of the principal agents in the negotiations
between John George and Wallenstein, which were
terminated by the latter's death in 1634. After
this he defeated the Imperialists at Liegnitz and
operated in conjunction with Bauer in Bohemia.
In 1635 John George abandoned the Protestant
cause, making peace with the Emperor Ferdinand
