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BONAPARTE. 269 BONAVENTTJRA. 1S83) ; id., ilcnioiics it ronespondance du roi Joseph, 10 vols. (Paris, 1853-55) ; Lueicn Bona- parte, Mrmoires (London, 1S3G) ; Forchhammer, Denkrede auf den Fiirsten von Canino, Lucien Kon'iparte (Kiel, 1840) ; Documents Itistoriques et refleTions sur le ijoueernement de la Bollande par Louis Bonaparte (Paris, 1820) : Loosjcs, Louis Bonaparte, de Koning van Holland (Am-' sterdam, 1888) ; M( moires et eorrespondancc du roi .Jerome et de la reinc Catherine (Paris, 1861- 04) ; Didicr, Life and Letters of Madame Pat- terson-Bonaparte (New York, 1879) ; Bingham, Marriages of the Bonapartes (London, 1881); Williams and Lester, The yapoleonic Dynasty (Xi-w York. l^iiiO). BONAPARTE, Ljjtitia IMarie Wyse, Mme. de Solnis-Rattazzi-de Rute (1829-1902). A French author, born at Waterford, Ireland. She is supposed to have been a granddaughter of Lucien Bonaparte by his second wife, through the marriage of his daughter I^^tizia to Thomas Wyse, an Irishman. In 1850 she was married to Frederic de Solms, but after four years sepa- rated from him, and, taking the title of Prin- eesse de Solms, settled in Savoy, not then a part of France. Here she founded Les Matinees d'Aix (1853), and gathered about her nearly all the celebrities of the day. Among her friends there were 'S'ictor Hugo, with whom she kept up a correspondence, Kossuth, Eug&ne Sue, Lamar- tine. Laniennais, Dumas, Rochefort, and Tony Revillon. She contributed to the Constitu- twnnel, through Sainte-Beuve. imder the pen- name of Baron Stock. After Savoy was an- nexed to France she went back to Paris and again kept open house, playing a prominent part in the literary and social events of the time. In 1863, de Solms having died, she married Urbain Rattazzi, a well-known Italian statesman, and lived with him in Italy. After his death she returned to Paris. She outlived her third hus- band, SeSor de Rute, a Spaniard, whom she married a few years after Rattazzi's death. Her writings consist of miscellaneous sketches, verses, plays, and novels. Among the latter are Hi j'et'ais reine (1868), said to be autobiographical, and Les mariages de la Creole (1866), reprinted under the title La chanteuse (1870). BONAPARTE, Pbikce Napoleon Joseph Paul. See Bonaparte. BON'AR, HORATIUS (1808-89). An Eng- lish Free Church clergyinan and writer of hvmns. He was born in Edinburgh, and was educated at the university there. In 1837 he was ordained to the ministry at Kelso, where he remained nearly thirty years, when he was called to the Chalmers Memorial Free Church, Edinburgh. He edited several religious journals and published more than twenty volumes of a religious character, among them Hymns of Faith and Hope (3 .series, 1857-66) and Selected Hymns (1879). He was author of the hymns "What a Friend we Have in Je.sus," "I Heard the Voice of .lesus Say," and "I Was a Wan- dering' Sheep." BONAB, .Tames (1852—). A Scottish edu- cator and political economist, bom at CoUace (Perthshire). He studied at Glasgow L^niversity and Balliol College. Oxford, and in 1881 was appointed junior examiner in the English civil Bers'ice commission. In 1895 he became senior examiner. He was in 1898 president of Section F of the British Association. Among his pub- lications may be mentioned a translation (1877) of .T. T. Beck's Umriss der biblischcn fleelenlehre, a Cataloqne of Adam Smith's Library (1894), Parson Malthus (1881), Malthus and his Work (1885), and Philosophy and Political Economy (1893). BONASONE, bo'na-so'ni, GiULio (1510-74). An Italian painter and engraver. He was born in Bologiui, and was a pupil of JIarcantonio Raimondi (q.v.). Some of his paintings are to be seen in the churches of Bologna, but he is best known for his engravings. These, which are after Michelangelo, Raphael, Ginlio Romano, and others, although inferior to the work of Rai- mondi. and often marred by careless or incorrect execution, nevertheless display much ability. BONA'SUS. The aurochs. See Bison. BONAVENTU'BA (1221-74). A saint and doctor of the Roman Catholic Church. His real name was Giovanni Fidanza. He was born in 1221 at Bagnorea, in Tuscany. In 1238 he be- came a Franciscan monk; was a theological teacher in Paris, where he had studied, 1248-55; and in 1257 became general of his order, which he governed strictly, but all'ectionately. The in- fluence of his character now begari to penetrate the Church ; and it was mainly through his elo- quent persuasion that the differences which had sprung up among the cardinals on the death of Clement IV.. in 1268, were reconciled, and all induced to unite (1271) in electing to the Papal dignity Tedaldus Visconti (Gregory X.). The new Pope created Bonaventura Bishop of Albano and cardinal in 1273, when he accompanied Greg- ory to the council at Lyons, where he died, July 15, 1274, from sheer ascetic exhaustion. He was honored -nith a splendid funeral, which was at- tended by the Pope, the King, and all the car- dinals. On account of his unspotted character from earliest youth, as well as the miracles ascribed to him, he enjoyed, even during his lifetime, especial veneration. Dante, who wrote shortly after, places him among the saints of his Para- diso; in 1482 he was formally canonized by Sixtus IV. and in 1587 was ranked by Si.vtus V. as the sixth of the great doctors of the Church. The religious fervor of his style pro- cured for him the title of doctor seraphicus. and his own order, the Franciscans, are as proud of him as the Dominicans are of Thomas Aqui- nas. A great part of his writings is devoted to the praise of his order, and to the defense of hyperdulia, celibacy, transubstantiation, com- munion in one kind, and other doctrines and practices much discussed in his day, which he treats in a philosophical manner. His most important works, the Breviloquium (Tubingen, 1845; Venice, 1874, 2 vols.), and Soliloquium, are properly text-books on dogmatics. Unfor- tunately, his efforts to philosophize the Church creed, and that deep mysticism in which his spirit reveled, make him often obscure and un- intelligible even in his most popular treatises. With Bonaventura theology- is the goal of all art and science; and in his Itlnerarium Mentis in Dciim, as also in his lirductio Artium in Theologiam, he represents union with God, to which the soul attains through six stages, as the highest good. He did more than any other of the early theologians to give a scientific form