to the mystical theology. The Biblia Pauperum, or 'poor man's Bible,' attributed to him, is a mystico-allegoric explanation of the plain con- tents of the sacred books for the benefit of the laity. In warmth of religious feeling, how- ever, and in the practical tendency of his ethics, he far excels most of his contemporaries. In his commentary on the Scitentiae of Peter the Lombard, he acutely argued against the eternity of the world, and also advanced some original proofs of the immortality of the soul. The most complete edition of his works appeared at Paris (1864-7], 15 vols.). In modern English have appeared his Life of Saint Francis of Assisi London, 1868, 2d ed. 1876); The Month of Jesus Christ (1882): and Instructions for the Season of Lent (1884). The Life of Christ (1881); The Psalter of the Blessed Virgin <1852); The Minor of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Dublin, 1840), are works attributed to him. His Itinerarium is translated in the Journal of Speculative Philosophy, xi. Consult: Lexicon Bonaventurianum philosophico-theologicum (Venice, 18S0) : and for his life, A. M. Vicenza (from the Italian, Paderborn, 1874; Sixième centennaire 1.5. Julliet, 1874 (Lyons, 1874).
BONAVENTURA, Father. A pseudonym of Charles Edward Stuart, adopted on his secret visit to England in 1753; mentioned in Scott's Redgauntlet.
BO'NAVEN'TURE. A prose pastoral of Acadian Louisiana, by G. W. Cable (1888), containing "Carancro," "Grand Point," and "Au Large."
BONAVINO, bō'na͏̇-vē'nō͏̇, Christ. See Franchi, Anonio.
BON'AVIS'TA (It., Good View). The capital of Bonavista District, on a bay of the same name, on the east coast of Newfoundland, 73 miles north by west of Saint John's (Map: Newfoundland, G 4 ) . It is a thriving port of entry and one of the oldest fishing stations on the island. The surrounding land is well cultivated. Islands and rocks make the navigation of the bay dangerous. The entrance is marked by a lighthouse on Cape Bonavista, 150 feet above the sea. Population, 3550.
BON'BRIGHT, Daniel (1831—). An American educator, born in Youngstown, Pa. He graduated at Yale in 1850, was tutor there in 1854-56, and in 1858 was appointed professor of Latin language and literature in the Northwestern University. In 1899 he was appointed dean of the university, and in 1900-01 was acting president.
BONCHAMP, bôn'shän', Charles Melchior Artus, Marquis de (1760-93). A Vendean chief. He was born at Jouverdeil, in the old Province of Anjou; took part in the American Revolution: and when he returned to France was made captain. Of strong Royalist Principles, he looked with disfavor on the Revolution. After living for some eighteen months in solitude, he allowed himself to be chosen leader of the Anjou insurgents. The Armyof the Vendée would have been more formidable if Bonchamp's tactics had been adopted, but this was not done until it was too late. He fought at Bressuire and Thouars, and in the sanguinary encounter at Chollet, October 18, 1703, received a fatal shot in the breast. He was generous and merciful in his warfare, and the lives of 5000 Republican prisoners are said to have been spared at his dying request. Consult Chauveau et Dussieux, Vie de Bonchamp (Paris. 1817).
BONCOMPAGNI, ō͏̇fin'kŏm-pä'nyē͏̇, Prince Baldassare (1821-94). An Italian mathematician. He was born in Rome. His noted critical and historical work, Scritti di Leonardo Pisano, appeared in 1857-62. In 1857 he found at the Cambridge library a Latin translation of the famous arithmetic of Al-Khuwarizmi, which he published in Rome under the title, Algoritmi, de Numero Indorum. All traces of this work had disappeared for 250 years. His numerous historical monographs were published, for the most part in the Bolletino di Biblografia, in 20 volumes, edited by him (Rome, 1868-88).
BOND. See Masonry and Building.
BOND (same word as band, a fastening, from the verb to bind; for the meaning compare obligation, similarly used). In a legal sense, an obligation in writing and under seal by which one party, termed the obligor, binds himself to pay a sum of money to another, termed the obligee. At the present day a contract under seal to perform any other act or duty is generally called a covenant. Bonds belong to the class of specialty contracts and are of two kinds, simple and conditional, the former where provision is made for the payment of a sum of money only, the latter where a clause is added, in the nature of a defeasance, upon the performance of which the obligation is void, but upon the breach of which the obligation, regarded in the nature of a penalty, is payable. The latter is the class to which the term bond is generally applied in modern usage. In form it consists of: (1) The obligation by which the obligor binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay a certain sum of money; (2) any recitals necessary to explain the trans- action; (3) the conditions, defining the acts on the performance or breach of which the obligation terminates. In an ordinary surety's bond, or one for the payment of a debt, the obligation is for a sum double the amount of the debt, hence called a "penalty." but terminates on the payment of the debt with interest by the debtor. Formerly, the condition was often stated in a separate instrument called the 'defeasance,' Under the old common-law rule on non-performance of the condition of a bond on the day fixed, the penalty was absolutely forfeited and recoverable by the obligee in full, but equity intervened to give relief against such penalty on the payment of the sum or damages actually sustained with interest due, and later statutes confined the recovery at law to the debt or damages actually suffered, so that now a bond amounts merely to the promise of payment of a sum of money, its form being sanctioned by antiquity. One of the great advantages of a bond over an ordinary contract to pay money is that the period fixed by the statute of limitations, in most jurisdictions, in which to bring action is 20 instead of years. Where the obligation runs to more than one obligee, all should join in a suit, unless their rights are expressly declared to be several.
In the United States a bond or like obligation to pay money is usually accompanied by an instrument of security or mortgage upon the property of the debtor or obligor. On default
