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CAMP FOLLOWERS. 99 CAMPI. work, and in instances liere the roads were to be constructed or were in need of repairs, would also be used for that purpose. It has been stated that in February. 183H. when a Bengal army of la.OOO men left Shikapur for Afarhanistan, it was accompanied by at least 85,000 camp fol- lowers. In European countries, and in modern times, the presence of railroads obviates a certain amount of marching, and in conjunction with steamships keeps the army well su]i]ilied, render- ing any large number of camp followers unneces- sary. Those who do exist, however, are provided for in regulations, are subject to the articles of war. ^nd are under the control of the command- ing afficer. CAMPHAUSEN, kiimpliou-zpn, Otto (1812- 96). A Prussian statesman. He was born in Hiinshoven. studied at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg, llunich. and Berlin, in 1844 was elected councilor at Treves, and in 184.5 became a member of the Ministry of Finance. In 18G9 he was appointed Finance ^Minister. His adminis- tration, resourceful and cautious, marked a change from conditions of economic depression to those of great prosperity. JIade accountable by his opponents for a subsequent reaction, at- tacked by even the Liberals, and at odds with Bismarck respecting the tobacco tax, he resigned «ith the rank of Minister of State. CAMPHAUSEN, Wilhelm (1818-85). A German battle painter. He was born in Diissel- dorf, where he was a pupil at the Academy, and professor fi'om 1859. Among his works are: "Tilly at Breitenfeld" ( 1841 ) ; "Godfrey of Bouil- lon at Ascalon" (1845) : "Charles I. at Xaseby" (1851) ; "BlUcher Meeting Wellington" (1857") ; "Meeting Between Bismarck and Xapoleon III.;" ind "Entry of Emperor William into Berlin" (1872). CAMPHINE, kara-fen' i Camphor + ine). The name applied to purified oil of turpentine, which has been used for burning in lamps. It is very volatile, and burns very freel.', giving a white, brilliant light. With air its vapors form a danu'irou>ly explosive mixture. CAMPHOR (Med. Lat. ramphorn, from Ar. kafur, camphor, which is derived through the Prakrit Kapura. from Skt. krirpilra. camphor), C,oH„0. A substance obtained by the action of steam on the chipped wood of tile camphor-tree (i'amphora o/Jicinanim. or Cinnnmomum cani- pAora, Xees). The product of distillation with steam is freed from volatile oil by draining and pressing, and the crystalline mass remaining be- hind is purified by sublimation. Camphor, has also been prepared artiticially by oxidizinsr the hydrocarbon camphene. C,„H„.'. Pure camphor is a colorless, transparent, crvstalline substance, melting at 175° C. and boiling at 204° C. It has a characteristic odor and a somewhat pungent, aromatic taste. It is only sparingly soluble in water, but dissolves readily in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphiiie. and other organic liquids. It has a tough consistency, but if di- gested with alcohol becomes liard and may then be readily pulverized. Camphor was introduced into Europe by the Arabs. It is now employed in the manufacture of celluloid and of explosives, and is often used in medicine. It forms an ingre- dient of various liniments and is often applied externally in gout and chronic rheumatism and to relieve pain in neuralgia ; it is commonly ad- ministered internally as a remedy for a neurotic cold in the head. It is generally known as cohi- moii or Japan camphor. Borneol, or Borneo camphor, is described in a separate article. See BOR.XKOL. CAMPHORIC ACID, C8H„(C00H),. An organic suljstance obtained by the oxidation of camphor with nitric acid. It occurs in needle- shaped crystals, colorless, odorless, and of slight- ly acid taste. It is nearly insoluble in cold water, but dissolves readily in hot water as well as in alcohol, ether, fatty oils, and other organic liquids. Camphoric acid has been used in in- tlanimatory conditions of tile respiratory and urinary mucous membranes, but is now employed almost exclusively as an anhidrotic (q.v. ). It proves most serviceable in the profuse night- sweats of phthisis. CAMPHUYSEN, kamplioi-zen, Dirk R.- FELSZ ( loSli-lt>27). A Dutch theologian and poet, born at Gorkum. He was a partisan of Arminius and was persecuted on that account. Among his works is a compendium of his doc- trines. He also left a number of religious poem.s, including a translation of the Psalms. He is said to have been a painter until his eighteenth year. The pictures attributed to him are probably by his nephew, Rapii.el C.^mpiiuysex ( 15!l8-l(i57 ), an arti.st, or by his other nephew. Raphael's brother, Govaert Camphuysex (1C24-74), a painter. His Morks usually are landscapes with animals done in Paul Potter's style, ami have been taken for that master's. They are to be found in Dutch museums and in private collec- tions. CAMPI, kam'pe. or CAMPO. A family of Italian painters, of the school of their birthplace, Cremona. Galeazzo (1475-1530). founder of the family, was an imitator of Perugino. His son and pupil. GiiLio ( 1500-72), studied also with Giulio Romano at Mantua, but, like a true Eclectic, sought to acquire the merits of Titian, Raphael, and other great artists. His best works, which are good in color, are in Cremona, Jlilan. and Mantua. — Axto.xio ( 1522-c.1()00) studied with his brother Giulio, with Giulio Romano and Costa at Mantua, and modeled his art especially upon Correggio. His style is brilliant and vigor- ous, and, for an Eclectic, original. Important works by him are at Cremona. Modena. Mantua, and Milan, and he painted at iladrid for Philip II ; His "Saint Jerome in Meditation" is in the Prado. He was also well known as a portraitist, an architect, and a writer. — Vixcenzo (e. 15.10- 91 ) . also a pupil of Giulio. was less able than his brothers. Although he too painted religious pic- tures, he was more ilevoted to smaller panels, such as portraits and still life. — Behxardixo (1522- c. 1590), probably a relative of the preceding, was the son of a goldsmith. Piero Campi. and studied with Giulio and with Tppolito Costa at Mantua. .Mthough influenced by Raphael and Correggio, he imitated the works of Titian so exactly that it is diflicult to distinguish his copies from the originals. Tlis works are most numerous at Cremona, especially in San Sigis- mondo and San DonuMiico. He wrote a treatise on painting. T'nrrr fnilla piltiirn (1.584). The celebrated portrait painter Soplionisba Angussola was a pupil of Bernarditio Campi.