feet long, and is chiefly remarkable for the enormous traffic and for having the largest lock in the world. This lock is of masonry, is 800 feet long, 100 feet wide, with a depth of water on the sill of 21 feet and a lift of 18 feet. The Saint Petersburg and Kronstadt Canal was completed in 1884. Owing to the bar at the mouth of the Neva, ships were not able to reach Saint Petersburg, and the canal from Kronstadt to the capital was built at a cost of $7,200,000 to overcome this barrier. It is 18.75 miles long and 22 feet deep, with a bottom width of 275 feet, except near Saint Petersburg, where it is only 207 feet. The North Sea and Baltic Canal, now known as the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, runs from Holtenau on the Baltic to Brunsbüttel on the Elbe. It is 60 miles long, has a bottom width of 85 feet and a depth of water of 28 feet. By this canal sea-going vessels save over 200 miles in going from the Baltic to the North Sea. The Amsterdam Canal, like the Manchester, was built to connect an inland city with the sea. The total length of this canal is 16.5 miles from Amsterdam on the Zuyder Zee to the North Sea, but as the route lay through the inlet called the Y and the Wyker Meer, only 3 miles had to be excavated. This canal is 88 feet 7 inches wide on the bottom and 23 feet deep. Besides these completed ship canals, a number of others have been projected and some of them put under construction. The most notable of these are the Panama and the Nicaragua canals (qq.v.) across the Central American isthmus, and those described in the article Trans-Isthmian Canals. For descriptions of canals for other than transportation purposes, see Drainage; Irrigation; Water-Supply, etc.
Haulage on Canals. The universal method of hauling boats on canals until very recent times has been animal power exerted through a tow-rope attachment to the boat. In China the hauling is done by men who walk along a tow-path on the bank and pull the boat after them; in most other countries this work is done by horses and mules. Various attempts have been made to substitute steam-power for hauling canal-boats, and such power is considerably used, but as yet no mechanical motive power can be said to have replaced animal power. In France a system of haulage has for some time been in successful operation on which a cable extends along the bottom of the canal and traction is secured by means of a steam-engine on the canal-boat, which works a drum over which the cable is made to fall. By this system tug-boats may be employed to haul several canal-boats at a time. In recent years several experiments have been made with electric power for haulage on canals, but it has not been adopted to any extent. The remarks apply only to haulage on boat canals; the vessels using ship canals traverse them by means of their own power.
An account of the leading canals of the world, with their chief commercial and other features, will be found in the United States Summary of Commerce and Finance, December, 1901, and May, 1902 (Treasury Department, Washington).
CANAL DOVER. A manufacturing city in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 75 miles south of Cleveland, on the Tuscarawas River, the Ohio Canal, and the Cleveland and Pittsburg, the Cleveland, Lorain and Wheeling, and other railroads (Map: Ohio, G 4). It has coal, iron, and other mineral deposits in the vicinity, and manufactures sheet iron, steel, tin, pig iron, flour, racing wagons and sulkies, sadirons, baby-carriages, corrugated rooting, boiler-plates, etc. Settled in 1807, Canal Dover was incorporated in 1865. The government, under a charter of 1900, is vested in a mayor, elected every two years, and a city council. The municipality owns and operates the water-works. Population, in 1890, 3470; in 1900, 5422.
CANAL DU MIDI, kȧ′nȧl′ du mē̇′dē̇′, or Canal du Languedoc. A canal in the south of France, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It extends for 150 miles from Toulouse on the Garonne River to Cette on the Mediterranean. It is 60 feet wide, 6½ feet deep, has 114 locks, 50 acqueducts, and reaches a maximum altitude of 600 feet. It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons. It was completed in 1681 at a cost of $3,500,000.
CANALE, kȧ-nä′lā̇, Michele Giuseppe (1808-90). An Italian historian. He was born in Genoa, and through Cavour's influence secured the professorship of history and geography at the Polytechnic Institute of his native city. In 1858 he founded the Società Ligure di Storia Patria, a society to promote the study of national history. His most important publication was the Storia della repubblica di Genova (Vols. I.-V., 1858-74). Consult de Gubernatis, Dictionnaire international des écrivains du jour (Florence, 1888).
CANALETTO, kä′nȧ-lēt′tō̇. The name applied to two Venetian architectural painters.—Antonio Canaletto, properly da Canal or Canale (1697-1768) was born at Venice, and, after studying with his father Bernardo and with Carlevaris, acquired in Rome a high reputation as a painter of antique ruins. Returning to Venice, he devoted himself to the Venetian scenes for which he has become justly famous. Clear in color and correct in line, he is the most important painter of the old Venetian school except Tiepolo, who often painted the figures for his landscapes. His works are found in all the principal European collections.—His nephew and pupil, Bernardo Belotto (1720-80), called Canaletto, born in Venice, also perfected himself in Rome, after laboring for some time for the Elector Charles Albert at Munich, he removed to Dresden in 1747. In 1758 he went to Vienna, and about 1770, as painter to the King, to Warsaw, where he died. His paintings, mostly views in cities in which he lived, are very numerous, especially at Dresden and Vienna. While his art is similar, it is inferior, to Antonio's. Consult Meyer, Die beiden Canaletti (Dresden, 1878).
CANAL RING. See New York, History; and Tilden, Samuel J.
CANANDAIGUA, kăn′an-dā′gwȧ. A village and county-seat of Ontario County, N. Y.. at the northern end of Canandaigua Lake, 29 miles southeast of Rochester; on the New York Central and Northern Central railroads, and the Canandaigua Lake Steamboat Line (Map: New York, C 3). The village, a popular resort, is celebrated for picturesque scenery and handsome private residences, and contains among the more prominent features a fine courthouse, Wood Library, two orphan asylums, public and private hospitals, private institutions for the aged and for the insane, Canandaigua Academy, and Granger Place School for Girls. Its manufactures include agate-ware, tinware, pressed brick,
