Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/23

CAXAMY. (1671-1732), who acquired reputation as the liiographer of the ejected clergy. He was born in London. April 5. UiTI. educated among the Dis- .senters and in Holland ( 1088-91) ; wa.s pastor in London, Hi!l2, and died there June 3, 1732. He was held in high regard, and his Xonconformists' .Memorial (1778). as it is now called, a book which underwent important changes while in the author's hands, is the best source of knowledge respecting the 2000 ministers ejected from the Church of England by the Act of Conformity. Consult Palmer, Ahridpmcnt of yoiwoiifonnisls' Memorial (London, 1802-03), and his autobiog- raphv. Historical Account of My Own Life (Lon- don. 'lS30). CALANCHA, ka-liin'cha, Axtonio de la ( ir)84-Ui54 ) . A Peruvian chronicler. Early in life he entered the Augifstinian Order at Lima, and afterwards traveled extensively through Peru for the purpose of examining the ancient ruins of that country and of recording its tradi- tions. As a chronicler of the Augustins at Lima hfc wrote the important historj' (completed in 1633), which has been translated into French, under the title Hisfoire de Vrfflise du Perou aux antipodes et d'lut grand progres de I'eglise en la conversion de O'entils par la predication des reli- gieux ermites de I'ordrc liaint-Auguslin (1053^). CAL'AND, or KALAND. A brotherhood of Roman Catholics devoted to charitable and de- votional works, dating from the Thirteenth Cen- tury, and of considerable extent in Germany, Switzerland, and France. It degenerated so far that it was suppressed before the Reformation, its property being confiscated for public purposes. CALANDO, ka-lan'df) (It., slackening, from calare, to lower, diminish, decrease). A musical term which means diminishing by degrees in power (from forte to piano) as well as in rapid- ity, thus combining both the decresceiido or di- minuendo (q.v. ) and ritardando (q.v.) eft'eets, but in a somewhat slighter degree. CALANDKA, ka-lan'dra, Giovanni Battista ( 1586-C.1G48) . An Italian mosaicist, born in Vercelli. During the Pontificate of Urban VIII. it was discovered that dampness had begun to affect the paintings in Saint Peter's. It was considered advisable to replace certain of the pictures by copies in mosaic, and Cahvndra was the first to employ this art, afterwards brought to a much greater perfection by Christofori. He copied the Saint Jlichael" of Cesari d'Arpino, and the four doctors of the Church by d'Arpino, Sacchi. Ronianclli, and others. CALANDRELLI, kil'lan-drel'le, Alexander (1834 — ). A (icrman sculptor, born in Berlin. He studied at the Academy in that citj' in 1847, and afterwards took a course with Friedrich Drake and August Fischer. His important works are decorative designs for the city hall of Berlin; a bronze relief, typifying the Danisli War ("Statue of Victory", ib. ) ; "ilonunient of Victory" (fifth nnmicipal district, ib.) : a mar- ble statue of Cornelius (entrance-hall of Berlin Museum) : an equestrian statue of I'redcrick William IV. (entrance to National (iallcry. Ber- lin) ; an equestrian statue of Emperor William I. (Bromberg) : a statue of the Elector Freder- ick I. ( Siegesallee, Berlin ) . CALANDRINO, kii'lin-dre'nfi. An unfortu- nate character in Boccaccio's Decameron, the sUtTy of who.se mishaps creates great amusement. 9 CALATAFIMI. CALANDRONE, kalan-dro'nft (It.). A small variety of clarinet used by the Italian peasants, on which they play simple melodies, and also sometimes accompany their national songs. It has the holes of the common flute, but the intonation is produced as in tlie common pil)e. CALAN'THA. The heroine of Ford's Broken Heart, daughter of King Amyclos of Laeonia. She dies suddenly after being told of the deaths of all whom she holds dear. The scene of the annotmcement is a ballroom, and the episode has been strongly condemned by Hazlitt as 'un- natural.' CAL'ANUS (Gk. Kdams, Knlanos. from Skt. knljiCnm. 'the fortunate"). A Hindu philosopher, apparently a Brahman ascetic, whose real name, .according to Plutarch, was Sphines. He was for some time in the camp of Alexander the Great at the invitation of the conqueror, but hav- ing become seriously ill, he was burned alive at his own request at Per.sepolis, CALAPAN, kii'la-piin'. The capital of the island of Mindoro, Philippines, situated at the northeastern extremity of the island. It has a liarbor and a fort. Population, in 1898, 5585. CALAPE, ka-lii'pa. A town of Bohol, Philip- pines, situated on the western coast, 26 miles north of Tagbilaran. Population, in 1898, 10,000. CALAS, ka'las' or ka'la', Jean (1698-1762). A Protestant merchant of Toulouse, whose ju- dicial iiuirder was the cause of an agitation in which Voltaire took the leading part. It re- sulted in the amelioration of the legal position of Protestants in France, and particularly dis- credited the administration of justice under the declining monarchy. Calas was accused of mur- dering his son because he wished to become a Roman Catholic. The son had probably com- mitted suicide, and there was no evidence to sup- port the accusation, which originated in a mob, and was fostered by Roman Catholic religious societies, the White Penitents, and the Francis- cans, who treated the suicide with the honors due to a martyr. After a trial which lasted a whole winter, the Parliament of Toulouse, by a majority of eight to five, condemned Cala.s' to death on the rack and confiscated the estate of the family. Calas's widow made Voltaire's ac- ([uaintance in Switzerland, and he actively took up her cause. After long labor he secured a re- hearing of the case and the Parliament of Paris declared Calas innocent and restored the estjite to the family. The chief magistrate was de- graded and fined. Consult Coquerel, Jeayi Calas ct sa famille (Paris, 1858) ; and for Voltaire's part in the matter, Kreiten, Voltaire (Freiburg, 1878). CALASIAO, ka-lii'se-a'd. A town of Luzon, Phili|)pines, in the Province of Pangasinan, 9 miles southeast of Lingayen. Population, in 1S98, 13,750. CALATAFIMI, kalii'tA-fe'nic. A city of Sicily, 57 miles southwest of Palermo (Map: Italy, (t 10). On a hill beside the town, and 1115 feet above the sea, is the castle, of Moorish design, now used as a prison. From it is a splendid view of the Temple of Segesta (q.v.) and of a mountainous landscape. The town had its name. Kalat al-Fimi, from the Saracens, who captured it in 828. In 1860 Garibaldi won his