Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/24

CALATAFIMI. first vietorv over the Neapolitan troops on a Held 2 miles to the southwest, marked by a monument ereeled in 1892. The eheeses of the district have more than a local reputation. Pop- ulation (commune), in 1881, 10,000; in 1901, ll,42fi. CALATAYUD, kii-la'ta -yooo' (Ar. A■'I'«^ castle + Ayuh. a Jloorish kinjr). A city of Ara- gon, Spain, situated on the Jalon, near its junc- tion with the Jiloea, about 48 miles southwest of Saragossa (Map: Spain, E 2). It is built at the base of two rocky ridges, .1 ' 00 * ^ ^t ."^ hei-^ht, out of the ruins of ancient Bilbilis, whfch lav about 2 miles to the east. The city is divided into a new and old portion, the for- mer with several fine streets and handsome squares, while the latter is composed of mean buildings and narrow, crooked streets. Lala- tavud has ruins of a noble Jloorish castle, two ■ collegiate churches, and a Dominican convent. It manufactures silk, linen, and hempen fabrics, woolens, pafier, leather, etc., and carries on a trade in agricultural produce. Population, m 1897, 10,900. CALATKAVA, ka'la-trti'va. A military and Teli"ious Order in Spain, instituted in 1158, in the "reign of Sancho 111. of Castile. It received the town of Calatrava as a periietual gift, on condition that it should defend it against the Moors The Order was confirmed by Pope Alex- ander III., in 1104, and very soon came to ren- der eflfeetive service in the wars against the Mohammedans. While the Christian States in Spain were e.Khausting themselves by mteinal strife, the Order of Calatrava was the main bul- wark against the Moors. In 1197 the latter cap- tured Calatrava and the knights removed to bal- vatierra In 1212, however, they not only re- covered Calatrava, but had an important share in the deadlv blow which was struck at the power of the' Almoravides. In 1213 Calatrava united with the Order of Avis. The power of the Kniohts of Calatrava was shown at the time they ioined the Orders of Alcantara and Santiago in exactin" from Alfonso XI. a guarantee of then- liberties and customs. The later history of Calatrava is a series of civil wars between the grand masters, which became so troublesome to the Government that Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1487-88 prohibited a new. election and secured the grand-mastership to the Crown by a Papal bull in 1493. Later Charles V. made the Order perpetual, with the King of Castile as head. In 1808 Calatrava became an Order of merit. On March 13, 1872, the Order was suppressed by the republican Government, but was reorganized by Alfonso XII., June 13. 1874. Those who entered the Order look the vows of poverty and olicdienee. At first marriage was forbidden, but Paul III. in 1,'540 made this concession, and gradually the Order lost most of its religious character. The original garb was black, but in 139G Benedict XlXl. (antipope) allowed the knights to adopt the red cross. The present dress is a mantle of white, decorated with a red cross, cut out in the form of lilies. CALATRAVA, , Tost;: MarIa (1781-1846). A Spanish statesman, born at Merida. He became known as an eminent orator of the Liberal Partv and became a member of the .Tunta of Ls- treni'adura in 1808 and of the General .Junta in 1810. Because of his radical views he was exiled 10 CALCAIBE GBOSSIEB. upon the restoration of Ferdinand VII., in 1814, but returned to Spain after the King's deposition. In 1821 he was elected to the Cortes, and in 1823 he became ilinister of Justice, but when, through the intervention of the French, Ferdinand re- gained absolute power (1823), Calatrava was again banished. He lived in London until 1830, en he returned to Spain, became Minister of Foreign Affairs (1830) , and was prominent in the parliamentary movement which resulted in th_e adoption of the more liberal Constitution of 1837. When (Jueen Isabella assumed the Government, in 1843. he was made a Senator. CALATRAVA LA VIEJA, lii vya'iik (Sp., Calatrava the Old, from Ar. kalat, castle + Kab"'i. a man's name), or Old Calatrava. A ruined eitv of Spain, near Valdepenas, situated on the Giiadiana. In the Middle Ages it was a strongly fortified place; but nothing now remains save a single tower. Calatrava la Vieja was captured from the Moors bv Alfonzo VIII. of Castile, and triven to the Templars: unable to defend it, they returned the gift to Saiicho 111. (1157). Ray- mond, Abbot of Fitero, and Diego Velasquez here instituted the Order of Calatrava (q.v.) m llo8. In 1197 the Moors captured Calatrava la Vieja, but it was retaken in 1212. About 1217 the Knights of Calatrava la Vieja built a convent in the neighborhood, naming the place Calatrava la Nueva (Xew Calatrava). CALAUA, ka-la'wa. or CALA^WA. A Ma- lay people in northern Luzon. Their speech is mixed. See Philippinks. CALAVERAS (kal'a-va'ras) GROVE. The nearest to San Francisco of the California groves of big trees. The grove is 70 by 1100 yards in extend and contains about 100 of the big trees, of which the -'Keystone State," the highest now standing, has an altitude of 325 feet and a cir- cumference of 45 feet. The "Mother of the For- est" is 61 feet, and the "Father of the l<orest not standing, is 112 feet in circumference, the grove is State proi>erty under a commissioner. " CALAVERAS RIVER. A small river of central California, and a tributary of the San Joaquin, which it joins just below Stockton (Map: California, C 2). It rises in the Sierras of Calaveras County and pursues a southwest- erlv course. CALAVERAS SKULL. A much-discussed human cranium reported to have been found in auriferous gravels below lava-beds near Angel, Calaveras County, Cal. The specimen was de- scribed by J. D. Whitney, and is preserved in the Peabo'dv Museum, Harvard University. Satis- factory accounts of the object and its associations have been published by Holmes in the .Smith- sonian Brport tor 1901 and elsewhere. See ARcu.KOLocjy, American. CALBAYOG, kiil'bii-yOg'. A town of Samar, Philipi)ines, situated on the western coast, 12 miles northwest of Catbalogan. Population, in 189S, 30,2.')ll. CALBUR'GA. See Gulbarga. CALCAIRE GROSSIEB, kil'kAr' grfi'syft' (Fr coarse limestone). The middle Eocene stage of the Tertiary system of France. The strata of which it is composed are almost wholly limestones, and they outcrop in great force in the Paris basin. They have been subdivided into lower, middle, and 'upper sub-stages, the tirst and