Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/25

CALCAIRE GROSSrER. 11 third luMiij; fiesliwaler deposits, and tlie second of marine formation. The strata are highly fos- siliferous; the animal remains include mammalia, reptiles, and a large variety of lower life-forms. The C'alcaire Grossier is represented in the Eng- lish Tertiary by the Bracklesham beds: in the Lnited States the Claiborae l)eds are equivalent to a portion of it. CALCAR, klil'k.-ir. H.vNS vox. See Kai.k.r, .ToiiANN Stkimian' vox. CALCATIEOUS ROCK (Lat. calcarius, per- taining to liiiu'. from calx, liniestcme. lime). Roek containing much lime, especially that in which the lime occurs in the form of carbonate (CaCOj). Calcareous rocks ma.v be chemically formed, as in the ease of tufa, where lime car- bonate in solution is precipitated through evapo- ration or other causes. They are generally aque- ous rocks, and have been deposited in bodies of either marine or fresh water; the calcareous con- tent has been supjilied b,v the fossilized remains of the hard parts of animals that inhabited these waters. Thus many Paleozoic limestones are composed of shells, corals, and erinoidal frag- nient.s, while others, like chalk, consist of fora- minifera and fragments of other minute organ- isms. A crystalline structure varying in degree from that of partially crystallized limestones to the granular statuary marble, is produced in cal- careous rocks by metaraorphie action. Oolite is a calcareous rock composed of small, concretion- ary, egg-like grains, resembling the roe of fish. The existence of the carbonate in rocks can be readily detected by the application of dilute nitric or muriatic acid, which causes eflferves- cence through the liberation of carbonic acid. Quicklime is obtained from calcareous rocks by calcining them, i.e. by driving ofT the carbonic acid and other volatile matter by heat. Calca- reous soils, often of great fertility, are produced from the disintegration of calcareous rocks. See Rock: Oolite: Soil; Limestoxe; C.^lc.^beous TlFA. CALCAREOUS TU'FA (It. tufa, from Lat. toftis. tufa, tutli. Calc-sixter, Tkavertixe, Stalactite. 0.ny. JIarbles. Forms of carbonate of lime deposited from solution in springs, in limestone caverns, or by the evaporation of water in lakes, in the form of ealcite or aragon- ite. When free from impurity they are white or translucent, but commonly they are stained with other substances, taking on yellow, gray, brown, or other colors. They have a spongy or cellular or concretionary structure, are banded, and often show rings of growth. A great variety of forms is exhil)ited. massive, tubular, botrvoidal, stal- actitic, or the forms of vegetable and animal re- mains which they sometimes incrust. Calcareous tufa has often been quarried and used for build- ing purposes; the stone is quite soft when newly quarried and acquires hardness and solidit,v through exposure to the atmosphere. The tem- ples of P«st>nn, Italy, built several centuries before the commencement of our era, were con- structed of such massive calcareous tufa. See Calcarkois Hock; Li.mf-stoxe; Rock. CALCASIEU, kal'ka-.shu. A river of south- west Louisiana, its headstrcam. Cypress Branch, rising in the parish of X:itchitoches ( Map : Louis- iana, 15 :S). It pursues a course at lir.st southeast, then southwest, and empties into Lake Calcasieu (nearly 20 mile^ long and ,3 to G miles wide). Vol. IV, —a. CALCHAS. which is connected with the Gulf of Mexico by the narrow Calcasieu Pass. iJy means of nu- merous branches, chiclly from the west, it drains a large area in southwest Louisiana, and is navi- gable fgr small lioats for about 130 miles. CAL'CEOLA'RIA (Xeo-Lat., from Lat. calce- olun. a little shoe, referring to the part of the corolla resembling a slipper), A genus of plants of the order Scrophulariacese. There are numer- ous species, natives of .South America, chiefly of that part of the Andes which is more than 9000 feet above the sea, a few of them reach- ing almost to the upper limits of vegetation. Some are found in lower and warmer situations, and some in the southern extremity of the American continent, others occurring in New Zealand and Mexico. They are so abundant in some parts of Chile and Peru as to give a pe- culiar aspect to the landscape. The call's in this genus is four-partite: the corolla, two- lipped, the lower lip remarkably inflated, so as to form a bag; and the shape of the whole in some species considerably resembling that of a slipper. Some of the species are shrubby, some herbaceous, almost all the herbaceous species being perennial. Many of them have corymbs of numerous showy flowers. Yellow is the color which chiefly prevails in the flowers, and next to it purple; but the art of the gardener has succeeded in producing varieties and hybrids Mhich exhibit many other rich and delicate tints. Calceolarias have been prominent in floriculture since about 1830. the curious appearance of the flowers combining with their beauty to render them attractive, and in no genus is the produc- tion of hybrids more easily or frequently effect- ed. They are easily propagated by cuttings. Few plants require more liberal supplies of water. They are generally treated in the Unit- ed States as half hardy or as greenhouse plants, and only the herbaceous forms are well known. Some of the species are used in South America for dyeing. The roots of Calceolaria aracknoidea, which is claimed to be one of the parents of many of the hybrids, are largely employed in Chile, under the name of relbtim, for dyeing woolen cloths crimson. For illustration, see Gbeexhov.se Plaxts. CALCHAQUI, kal-chii'ke. A tribe formerly living on tlie western border of the Chaco, about the present Tucuman, Argentina. Great walls of cut stone found in their ancient territory, and stone-built tombs in .vhich are found mummies and deposits of gold and copper ornaments, at- test a considerable degree of civilization, which may have been due to the Incas, who conquered the Calchaqui about the year 1450. Interesting details of their customs and home life are given by the earliest missionaries. They have been long extinct, unless, as Tschudi surmises, a refu- gee remnant still survives on the northern coast of Chile. Even their linguistic alliliation is a matter of conjecture. CALCHAS, kal'kas (Gk. KdXxaj, Kalchas). The prophet of the Greek army before Troy, gifted by .pollo with knowledge of the past and future. Through his counsel Achilles, Neopto- lemus, and Philocletes were brought to the army. At Aulis he advised the sacrifice of Iphigcnia (q.v.) to appease Artemis, and foretold the length of the war. The conunon tradition made him go from Troy to Colophon, where, at the