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CARICATURE. 217 CARINAT^. and Teiiniel flourished. The most important of its contributors was Dii ilaurier, the reliued por- trayer of Enjilish aristocratic society. In IJermany political caricature began with the Congress of Vienna, but was restrained by the lack of freedom of the press. The t'lieytnde UlatUr, a Imniorous but non-political journal, was founded in Munich in 1844. It employed such artists as llarburger, Oberliinder, and Jleg- genilorfer, and the staiuUud of work in its pages is very high. With the Kevolution of 1848 the Berlin Kladderadatsch began its activity, andsoon became famous by its political caricatures. Those on Bismarck, by Wilhelm Scholz, have become historic. The Diisscldorfer Monatshefte was car- ried on by artists of the Dvisseldorf school. Vi- enna has a number of comic journals, chief among which are Kikeriki and the Figaro, for which Wilhelm Busch and Schliessmann have done good work. The greatest Spanish caricaturist was un- doubtedly Goya (1746-1828), whose masterly satirical talent, in both painting and jjrint, was directed against the foibles and vices oj society. Political caricature exists, at the present time, in nearly all European countries, and it has become a mighty force in politics. In the United States its power was shown during the Civil War, and especially in Tliomas Xast's cartoons stigmatizing the Tweed Ring in New York. Puck, Life, and other comic papers are devoted mainly to caricature, and weekly journals, like Harper's and Leslie's, exercise, through it, a great influ- ence. Of late years the newspapers have made increasing use of caricature as a means of influ- encing public opinion. Among the chief Amer- ican caricaturists are F. B. Opper, Homer Daven- port, W. A. Rogers. C. G. Bush, and E. Kemble. Bibliography. The chief authority on Cari- cature is Champfleurv, Histoire yenerale de /«  caricature (.5 vols.. Paris, 18G5-80), with supple- mentary volume in 18S.5. See also Wright. Bistcn-y of Caricature and Grotesque (London, 187.5) : Fliigel. (;eschiclitc des (Irotesk-Komischen (I.iegnitz. 1778: new edition by Eberling, Leip- zig, 1S8()| : Parton. Caricature'and Other Comic Arts (London. 1877) : Everitt, English Carica- turistfi of the yineteenth Century (London, 188(i) : Grand Carteret. Les mncurs et la carica- ture en AUemagne, en Autriche et en Suisse (Paris, 188.5); Les mceurs et la caricature en France (Paris, 1888). The last-named author has also published, in recent years, a large num- ber of collective works of caricatures. See also the special articles on the different artists nicntioned. CARIES, ka'ri-ez (Lat., rottenness). A dis- ease of bone analogous to the ulceration of soft tissues. It is characterized by a gradual loss of substance, suppuration occurring, and the bone breaking down and coming awa}' in granular detritus. This finds its way to the surface, and an opening occurs through which the purulent fluid discharges, as the bone is eroded. Caries may attack any bone, but it usually selects the vertebrip. bones of the wrist and foot, and the articular ends of long bones. In the case of spinal caries the disintegrating process attacks the cartilaginous disks between the vertebrae as well as the bone, and the column is destroyed, curvature resulting. Frequently the pus "and detritus find t4icir way to a point in the groin, passing down lH.tween the sheaths of various wmscles, before opening at the surface and dis- charging. To this terrible disease most deformi- ties not congenital are owing. The carious ver- tebra yield under the weight of the trunk, and the spine curves forward or to one side. In the joint-ends of bones, the part enlarges, the car- tilages become allected, matter forms, and ampu- tation of the limb or e.xcision of the joint is frequently necessary to save the j)atient's life. Too often the disease recurs with night-sweats, hectic, and death. The causes of caries are con- stitutional or traumatic. Scrofula, syphilis, or excessive use of merctiry "may be the cause. If aflfecting a small bone, the latter may be entirely removed; and if the disease is strictly limited to the ends of the bones forming a joint, these may be excised. Carious places may be scraped out or gouged out by the rongeur in some in- stances. Amputation may be necessary. Consti- tutional treatment to improve assimilation and nutrition, and combat any imderlying cachexia, must be employed. Caiues of Ti'iE Teeth. This depends either on an original faulty formation of the substance of the teeth, or microbial infection, generally due to neglect. The carious surface should in all cases lie removed, and, as a substitute for the lost substance, gold or some other substance should be stufl'ed into the cavity. If the pulp be exposed, and pain be present, the cavity may be filled with cotton wet with oil of cloves", tincture of capsicum, or a strong solution of cocaine, or chloroform, for temporary relief. Ten grains of tannin and five grains of gum mastic dissolved in a dram of ether, applied after the cavity is wiped very dry, will often control pain for many hours. CARIGARA, ka're-ga'ra. A town of Levte, Philip]jincs, 32 miles from Tacloban. It is "sit- uated on a bayou on the northern coast of the island, and is a landing-place for steamers from Manila. Population, in 1898, 13,732. CARIGNANO, kii're-nyii'nd. A city in north Italy, in a fertile but damp locality on the left bank of the Po, 11 miles south "of Turin (Map: Italy, B 3). The Church of San Giovanni Battista is the work of Benedetto Alfieri. The Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie contains a monument to Bianca PaliT>ologus, wife of Duke Charles I. of Savoy, at wliose Court the Chevalier Bayard received his knightly training. After the death, in 1418, of Prince "Ludovico of Acaia, Carignano fell to the dukes of Savoy, and was given by Charles Emmanuel I. as a principality to his youngest son Tommaso, who was an ances- tor of the present King of Italy. The principal occupations of the people of Carignano are the culture and manufacture of silk. Population, in 1901 (commune), 7129. CAR'ILLON, Fr. pron. ka're'yoK'. See Chimes. CARIMATA, ka'rc-mit't.'i, or KARIMATA. A name applied to the strait between Borneo and Billiton in the Dutch East Indies; also to a cluster of isles in the same passage; and lastly to the principal member of the group, whose highest point, a peak of 2000 feet, is in latitude 1° 30' S. and longitude 108° 54' E. (Urap: East Indies, C 5). CAR'INA'TjE (>o-Lat., nom. pi. of Lat. cnriniitiiH, kcclshaped. from cnrinn, keel). One of the two great subclasses of living birds, the *