Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/264

CARLSBAD DECREES. 224 CARLSTADT. supervision. The Burschenschaft was to be sup- pressed, and a foilcral coniniittee of seven was appointed to inquire into "the origin and rami- lieations of revolutionary eonspiraeies and dema- gogic assoiiatious." At the Conferenee of Vienna in the following year eonstitutions were deelared inconipatil>le with the rights of the sovereigns. See BuusciiEXSCiiAFT, and Metternich. CAELSBURG, kiirlslioorK. See Kablsburg. CARLSCRONA, kiirls'kro-na. See Karls- KRD.NA. CARL'SEN, Emii. (1S48-). A Danish- American artist. He came to this country in 1872 and settled first in Boston and then in Xew York (18S7). His pictures are showii frequently in American exliibitions and he is considered an excellent ])aintcr of still life. CARLSHAMN^ klirls'liam. See Karlsiiahn. CARLSON, kiirl'snn. Frederik Ferdinakd (1811-.">7). A distinguished Swedish .statesman and historian. He was born dune 13, 1811, at Kungshamn. in Upland, and was educated at the tniversity of Upsala. After traveling exten- sively in Kurope he liecame an instructor at L'psala, but in 1837 was appointed tutor to the royal princes at Stockholm, a jxist lie held until 1846. In 184'.l Carlson succeeded Geijer as pro- fessor of history in the University of Upsala, and in 1800 he was chosen rector. From 18.50 to 186.5 Carlson sat in the national Diet as the rep- resentative first of his university and later of the Swedish .cademy of Sciences, to which he had been chosen in 1858, and from 1873 on he had a seat in the first Cham1>er as the re])resentative of Geflcborg. From 18(13 to 1870, and from 1873 to 1880, he was head of the Department of Public Worship. He always lent his aid to the cause of progress in education and religion. As an his- torian Carlson made a name for himself by con- tinuing Gcijeis seven-volume history of Sweden, Si'eriges llistoria vndn- I:onungar»e af Pfalzisha huset (Stockholm, 185o-85). The work has also been publislied in German, in the Heeren, Ukert, and Giesebrecht series, datchiclite der eurojMi- ischen Hliuilcn. and raidss among the best works in that standard collection. He also produced a number of monographs, several of them in Latin, on special periods of history. He died March 18, 1887. CARLSRUHE, karls'roo-c. See ICarlsruhe. CARLSTAD. karl'stad. Sec Karlstad. CARLSTADT, karl'slat. Si'c Karlstaiit. CARLSTADT, KARLSTADT, or KAROL- STADT (c.l480-ig4I). A German reformer whose real name was Andreas Rudolf Boden- stein. and who was at first a friend, but later an opponent, of Lutlicr. He was horn at Karl- stadt. Franconia ; studied at the universities of Frfurt (1.50003). Cologne (1.503), and Witten- l)erg (1.504), and in the last became a professor, tirst in philosiiphy and then in theology. In 1.510 he was made D.D. and Archdeacon of All Saints Church in Wittenberg. It was then that he became a personal friend of Luther. In 151.5 Carlstadt went to Rome to study canon law and took the degree of LL.D. Returning to Witten- berg in 1.516. he openly broke with scholasticism and defended Rcuclilin, against whom a violent persecution was raging. When Luther, on Oc- tober 31, 1.517. nailed his theses to the door of tlw town church of Wittenberg, Carlstadt supported him. In 1518 he published arguments asserting the suprenu' authority of the Scrip- tures, and declaring that in the silence of the Scripture a))pcals from the fathers of the Church nnisl be nuuie to reason. He i)artici|)ated in the Leipzig Disputation of 1.51!) on the side of Luther, and iu the bull against Luther (1520) Carlstadt was condenuied. He was the first to appeal from the Po])e to a general council. In 1521, by invitation of the King, he went to Den- mark to teach the doctrines of the Reformation ; but he returned after a few weeks. On Decem- ber 20, 1521. he married Anna von ilochau. About this time ditl'erences sprang up between Carlstadt and Luther, owing to the former's desire to break at once and entirely with the t)ld Church, whereas Luther would go uuire slow- ly. While Luther was at the Wartburg (1521), Carlstadt took the lead, and, sup[)orted by the city government, and perha])s the majority of the citizens, restored the cup to the laity, abolished the fasting regulations, the elevation of the host, and auricular confession. These changes were very distast<'ful to the Elector, and so Luther left the Wattburg and opposed tlicm in Wittenberg aiul restored the old order. Find- ing his position uncomfortable, Carlstadt became pastor at Orlamiinde, in Thuringia ( 1523) , where his radical Church reforms, joined to his well- known independence of Lulhcr, created a suspi- cion that he was associated with the Anabajitisls, and that he might be im|dirated in the schemes of the peasant revolt. The I'jlector sent Luther to find out the true slate of alVairs: and when Luther preached against Carlstadt at .lena, the two reformers held a discussion upon the Real Presence, which Carlstadt was the first to deny ; and an open quarrel broke out between them. Carlstadt was ordered out of Saxony (1524), and wandered from place to place, preaching Protestantism, but his radical- ism may have at times prompted the people lawlessly to destroy pictures and images in the churches, so that he was accused of lawless ac- tion himself. He was at Rothenburg when the Peasant War broke out (1525), and he acted as mediator with the peasants, but in vain, .gain sus])ected of provoking insurrection, he was |iur- sued and exposed to hardshi])s and even danger to his life. In this extremity he appealed to Luther, who, on condition that he would not advocate his sacrauu^ntal views, used liis iiillu- euce so successfully that he was permitted to return to Saxony (1525), where for some years he led a quiet life. But this quiet and, espe- cially, lack of soul liberty were unendurable to his restless spirit, and he once more attacked Luther. The controversy upon the Lord's Su])- per, in which Zwingli agreed with Carlstadt. grew fiercer than ever, and Carlstadt, who was no longer iiermitted to dwell in Saxony, tied to Friesland (1530), and thence to Bern, and then to Zurich, where Zwingli kindly received him, se- cured employment for him as proof-reader in the Froschaucr printing lumse, and later placed him as dinrontis in the Spital. In 1534 he settled as professor of theology in Basel, remaining there until his death of the plague, December 24. 1541. His character was very dilferently judged in his own times and since, according to whether the sympathies of the pers(m speaking were with Luther or Zwingli. Thus the Lutherans con- demn him as a radical and tactless zealot, and