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CARMINE. 229 CARNARVON. an anuirphoiis red substance solulile in water antl ill alcoluil: carmino is a c-omiiounil of tliis acid with chalk and alumina. With zinc oxide and alumina earminio aeid forms the valuable color- ing substance known as caiinine lake, which is made from the residues of cochineal obtained in the manufacture of carmine. Carniinc lake is larucly used in paintinfr and in printinpr. CARMO. kiii'ind. Sec Kakmo. CARMO'NA (Sp., of Celtiberian origin). A city of Spain, in the Province of Seville. 20 miles northeast of Seville (Map: Spain, C 4). It is situated on an elevated ridge, overlooking a fertile plain, and with its Moorish walls and cas- tle has a very iiicturesipie appearance. It con- tains the fine (Jothic Church of Santa Maria: the t'hureh of San Pedro, with a tower similar to the Giralda of Seville: a ruined Alcazar: and the interesting gates leading to Cordoba and Se- ville. . short distance from Ihe city to the west is a Roman necropolis of great archa'ological value. The city has Hour and oil mills, manu- factures of woolen cloth, hats, leather, etc., and an important annual fair. Population, in 1900, lG,;).'iS. Carniona (known as Canno) was of considerable importance mider the Romans, a prominence which it retained in the Middle Ages. It fell into the power of the iloors, from whom Saint Ferdinand of Castile took it in 1247. CARMONTELLE, kar'mo.N'tel', Loils Cak- ROGis (1717-1800). A French dramatist. He w;is born in Paris, and for several years was reader to the Duke of Orleans, grandson of the regent. His literary rei)utation rests chiefly on his I'roverbes dramaliiiucs { 10 vols., Paris, 1768-81; new ed., 4 vols.. Paris, 1822), a series of short comedies adapted for private theatricals. In addition to this work, which has been freely borrowed from by later comic writers, his Thi-atre de campiifine, a collection of more than twenty- five comedies (4 vols., 1775), should be men- tioned. He also had considerable artistic tal- ent, and painted portraits of some of the most eminent persons of the Eighteenth Century. Proierbes el comedies posthtimes de Carmontelle were published bv Mme. de Gcniis (3 vols., Paris, 182.5). CARNAC, kar'nak' (Celtic). A Breton parish and village in the Dej)artnient of Morbihan, Fraiwe. 17 miles southeast of Lorient (Map: France, C 4). The village, situated on a gentle slope overlooking the Bay of Quiberon, has an interesting arch;cological museum and a church built in 1039. The latter contains some fine marble altar-pieces of the Renaissance period. The inhabitants are engaged in agricultural and fishing pursuits, and coasting trade. Popula- tion of village, 1901, 040: of commune, 312.5. The parish has world-wide fame in connection with some of the most remarkable megalithic monuments extant, and with the remains of a GallnKoman town. The chief megalithic relics are situated about half a mile to the north of the village, near the ro:id leading to Aiiray, on a spacious desolate plain bordering the seashore. They consist of long lines of roughly hewn gran- itic menhirs or standing stones, varying from 3 to 18 feet in height, which, weather-ber.ten and covered with minute white lichens, present a succession of weird avenues. There are three groups, containing 1991 men- hirs: in the Sixteenth Centurv they numbered more than 15,000. Their exploitation for build- ing purposes and to make room for agricultural improvements during the succeeding three cen- turies has been arrested by their becoming na- tional property and being authoritatively classed among historical monunu'uts. A tine view of the lines is obtained from the summit of Mont Saint- Jlichel, a grass-grown 'galgal' or tumu- lus, (!") feet high and 200 feet in diameter, con- sisting of blocks of stone piled over a dolmen and crowned with a chapel dedicated to the .rchangel Jlichael. The origin and object of these ancient monu- ments remain a mystery. They have been the subject of much arclueological speculation and are generally considered to be the Celtic monu- ments of a Druidical cult, traces of which exist in some of the primitive customs of the natives. In the year B.C. 56. from these shores Cipsar watched the naval victory of Decimus Brutus the younger over the Veneti in the Bay of Qui- beron. The Romans occupied Brittany during five centuries, and eonsiderable remains of Gallo- Roman habitations, with interesting relics, have been excavated at the Bossenno. i.e. mouiuls, on the plain, 1 mile to the east of Carnac, and also at the base of the artificial Mont Saint-Michel. Consult: Galles, Fouitles du Mont Haint-Michel en Canute (Paris, 181)4), and 7'iiiiiiilus et dol- mens de Kereado (Paris, 1804) : Fouquet, Des monuments ceUiqnes et mines romaines dtins le Morbihan (Paris, 1873) ; Lukis. Chambered Bar- roics and Other Prehistoric Monuments in Morbi- han (London, 1875) : Jliln, Excavations at Car- nac (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1877-81): Worsfold, "The French Stonehenge," in Ilritish Archceologi- cal Association Journal, Vol. IV. (London, 1898). CAR'NALL, Ri^DOLPii voN (1804-74). A German mining engineer, bom at Glatz (Silesia). He studied in Berlin in 1823-24, began an active connection with the mining industry in L'pper Silesia, and by 1855 had risen to be a superin- tendent of mines and director of the general min- ing office in Breslau. In 1848 he lussisted in founding the German Geological Sixdety, and from 1849 to 1855 lectured at the University of Berlin on the science of mining engineering. He was a councilor in the mines and mining section of the Prussian ^Ministry of Commerce from 1854 to ISGl. The Zcif'schrift fiir das Berg-, Hiittcn iind Salinenwcsen im prcnssisehen Htaate was founded by him; and he rendered other im- portant services to the development of German mining. CARNAHVON, or CAERNARVON, kiir- niir'von (Welsh, Cacr-yn-ar-I'oii. fort opposite Mona or Anglesey). A Parliamentary and municipal borough and seaport in north Wales, the capital of Carnarvonshire, situated near the south end of the Menai Strait, on the right bank of the Seiont, about 09 miles west of Chester (Map: England, B 3). The castle, which was begun in the reign of Edwarii I., about 1283. is generally considered the handsomest and most extensive mediaval fortress in the I'nited King- dom. It is built of red stone, ami is an irregu- lar oblong in shape. The outer walls, from 8 to 14 feet in thickness, containing a passageway, are fortified by thirteen embattled towers. In the Eagle Tower the first Prince of Wales (after- wards Edward II.) is said to have been bom.