Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/272

CARNARVON. 230 CARNATION. The town itself was once siiirouiiileJ by walls and round towers. These walls, with several of the gates, still exist, and form a pleasant proni- iiiado. The streets are narrow, but regilar, and at right angles to each other. The town is well lighted, and has a good water-supply. It is an important commercial centre. The harbor admits ships of 400 tons. The chief exjjorts are copper, ore, coal, and slates, which are brought into the tow-n by rail from the ipiarrics in the neighbor- hood. There is also a great ircm and brass foun- drj-. There are manifactnres of writing-slates, enameled slate slabs, and tobacco. Carnarvon is a bathing-place, and is much frequented by tour- ists, on account of its vicinity to the grandest seenerv in north Wales. Population, in 18',)1, 9804; "in 1001, 9700. Half a mile from Carnar- von arc the remains of Segontium, or Car Seiont, a Roman station or city. There is a Roman fort on the left bank of the Seiont, still almost com- plete. The Earl of Chester fortified the place in 1098. In 1294 the town and castle were burned and the Enclish inhabitants massacred by the Welsh under Madoc, the son of Llewelyn. Con- sult Hartshorne, "Carnarxon Castle," Archwo- logical Journnl, Vol. VII. (London, 1850). CARNARVON, Henrv Howard iloLYXEUX llEKBKRT, fourtli Earl of (lS.Sl-90). An Eng- lish Conservative statesman. He was bom in London .June 24, 1831, and succeeded to the peerage in 1849. Educated at Eton and Christ Churdi, Oxford, in 18.52 he obtained a first class in classics, and, after taking his degree the following year, traveled through the Orient. In 18l!0. as a "souvenir of the journey, he pub- lished a work entitled The Druses of the Leb- anon. M his majoritv he took his seat in the House of Lords, and in 1858 Earl Derby made him Under Colonial Secretaiy. In 1859 he was elected high steward of Oxford Vniversity and created D.C.L. In ISOG he was appointed Colo- nial Secretary, and his p<dicy met with the warm- est approval." He framed a "bill for the confedera- tion of the British Nortli American colonics, and had moved tlio second reading when he re- signed ofl[iee ipon the Reform Bill of 1SG7, which he condemned as democratic an<l dangerous. On Disraeli's return to office, in 1874, Lord Carnar- von again became Colonial Secretary, but re- signed in 1878. He was Lord Lieutenant of Ire- land (1885-80), and died in London, June 28, 1890. He was the aithor of an address on Bcrk- ■ shire Archwology (1859) : in 1869 edited Remi- niscences of Athens and the Morea, hy the htic Earl of Cnrnarion, his father, and published translations of the Afinmcmnon (1879), the Ofhfxxrii (ISSOK and Proinrlhenx Vinrtus (1893). CARNARVONSHIRE. A maritime county in north Wales, bounded north by the Irish Sea, east by Denbigh, with the Conway between, south by Merioneth and Cardigan Bay. and west by Carnarvon Bay and the Ah^nai Strait, the latter separating it' from Anglesey (.Map: England, B 3). Area, 503 square miles, of which one-half ley, and potatoes are raised in the valleys. The chief towns include Carnarvon (the county town), Bangor. Pwllheli, and Conway. Popula- tion, in 1891, 118.200; in 1901, 126,000. CARNAT'IC (from Skt. Karnuta, name of a people in southern India). A former political division of somewhat indefinite dimensions on the eastern or Coromandel coast of the peninsula of India. It is famous in history as the grand Ibealie of the struggle in the middle of the Kigliteeiith Century between Krance and Eng- land for supremacy'in India. It was at that time ruled bv the Xawal) of Arcot, who was a vassal of the "Xizam of Hyderabad. The region was annexed by the British in 1801. CARNATION (Fr., Lat. carnatio, from caro. tlesh). A duubletlowering variety of the clove pink (Uianthusi euri/ophi/lhis) and one of the most popular flowers of that family. It is a native of the south of Eurojje. and has been iii cultivation for more than 2000 years. It is a senii- hardv jierennial (generally cultivated as an an- nual" in America)' 2 to 3ii feet high, with a branching stem, oiijiosite linear leaves, terminal flowers, and blossoming in England from .lune to .ugiist. The clove-like fragrance of the Howers gave to the plant its specific name edryophj/llus (clove-tree. Con/o/)/i.i///HS aromati- cus). Many va?ietics, with various forms and colors, are in cultivation. Red. white, pink, and yellow varieties predominate. The monthly, tree, or perpetual-flowering carnations are the varie- ties now so extensively grown under glass in the United States for winter cut flowers. These are propagated from cuttings taken from Decem- ber to May, rooted in sand, transplanted to plats or pots, and kept in a cool house until danger from heavy frost is past, when they are set in the field. Sandy loam soil heavily fertilized is preferred. The idants are set in rows 12 inches apart and 10 inches distant in the row when cultivated by hand, and in 3-foot rows when worked with a horse. If winter flowers are wanted, the rising shoots of the plants are regiilarly pruned back to 2 to 4 inches during the summer. In Sep- temlxT the plants are lifted and transplanted to the forcing-house benches. The soil here is 4 to 5 inches deep, and consists usually of three- fourths loam and one-fourth well-rotted manure. The plants are set 8 to 12 inches apart each way, heavily fertilized, and watered frequently with liquid" manure. The temperature ()f the earnation-house during the winter is maintained at 00° to 05° in the daytime and ten degrees lower at night. Instead of setting in benches, the plants arc sometimes set in pots, and may either be forced at once or set in cold frames and carried over for spring flowering. Some 500 va- rieties of carnations, all of American origin, are now in cultivation in the United States. See Fl.ORIC'i;i-TURE. Carnation Diseases. — Carnations are liable to a number of diseases, the more common and [s rnpasture'and on'ly one-fortieth in tillage. The troublesome being anthracnose, rust, blight or surface is mountainous. The mineral products spot, and a di.sease caused by the punctures of of Carnarvcmshire are copper, lead, zinc, coal, minute insects. The anthracnose (q.v.l. which roofing and writing slates, slabs, chimney-piers, is caused by the fungus ]i,!iitelUi, is widespread, and honestone. Tire slate-quarries employ many and causes grayish-brown spots on the leaves. thousands of workmen. The chief branch of Later the stems are invaded by the parasite, and rural industry is the rearing of black cattle for the supply of nourishment for the plant cut off. the dairy and of small sheep, ieat. oats, bar- Diseased cuttings will spread the infection.