Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/298

CARRACCI. 250 CARRARA. briglit in color. Except a few subjects painted after his designs by his pupils, Annibale did the remaining frescoes, which occui)icd him until 1604. This is unquestionably his best fresco work; his bright and fanciful naturalism is everywhere present. Among the best of these are the admirable genre pieces 'Muno with the Girdle of Graces Before Jupiter." "Diana and Endyniion," "cnus and . chiscs," and the "Tri- umph of Bacchus." Aniiiliale also decorated the ceiling of an adjoining room with mythological Mibjects. but this work is not as good as that in the gallery. Agostino was compelled by the jealousy or ill will of his brother to leave Rome, but he was provided for by the Farnesi in Parma, where Duke Ranuccioprotccted him. He several times portrayed the Duke, I)ut his chief work there was the frescoes of the Palazzo del Giardino, four mythological love scenes. He lived to com- plete only tlirce. The quarrel with his brother and his enforced withdrawal from Rome had de- stroyed his bright spirits. After an apoplectic stroke he withdrew to a Capuchin monastery, where he died, :March -22, 1G02. In his many- sided talent he resembles the greatest masters of the Renaissance. In addition to being a painter, he was a poet and scholar of high repute. As an engraver he stands in the very first rank of Italian artists. His work is similar to that of his master, Cornelius Cort, but shows more free- dom and versatility. He excels in correctness of design and in beauty of execution, and his fig- ures are very expressive. He executed about 278 plates in ali, largely from his own designs, and after the great Italian masters. After finishing the frescoes in the Farnese Pal- ace, Annibale sunk into a deep melancholy and sickness, brought on, it is said, because of disap- pointment over the small sum of money which be received for that great work — ."iOO crowns in all. His illness prevented him from executing the more remunerative commissions which were of- fered him. and after a brief journey to Naples, where the nuirderous local artists much annoyed him, he died, .July 15. 1000. He was accorded the honor of burial in the Pantheon, near the resting-place of Raphael. Meanwhile Lodovico remained head of the academy in Bologna, busily engaged in teaching and in executing a numl)er of his most important works. In 1004 and KiO.'i he decorated, with his pupils, the large court of the jnonastery Santa Maria in Bosco, n<'ar Bologna, with frescoes from the lives of Saint Benedict and Saint Ce- cilia. The seven frescoes which he himself exe- cuted are -admirable pieces of decoration, and although much defaced, they may be studied from the engravings of Giovannini (Bologna. 1690) or Zanotti (ib.. 1770). For the Cathedral of Piacenza he painted, in lOOS and 1000, two large canvases representing the "Burial of !Mary," which are now in the Galleria Farnese, Parma, and a series of fine frescoes: in the sanc- tuary, "Clioruses of Angels" and a "Limbus," and in the arch over the tribune, "Angels Strew- ing Flowers," the latter work almost equaling Correggio in charm. Between 100!) and his death he executed other important canvases, among which is the "Conversion of Saint Paul." in the Munich f!allcry. His last works were in the Cathedral of Bologna, and a slight mistake in his fresco of the "Aiuniiii'iation," which he was not permitted to rectify, so troidiled liim that it brought on a fever, which resulted in his death on November 13, lOli). He was buried with great splendor, noblemen of the city bearing his body to the tomb, for he was greatly beloved as a modest, just, and unselfish man." A.XTO.MO Makzi.vle C.vbracci (I.58;M61S), painter, was a natural son of Agostino, upon whom (he family placed great hojies, which were tliwartcd liy his early (U'atli. He studied under Ills father and uncle, and his art resemliles theirs. His chief works in fresco were in the Church of San Bartolomco del Isola (Rome), but have been ruined by time and restoration. His chief canvas is "The Flood," now in the Louvre. Consult: Bolognonini-Amorini, Lc vite di Lo- dovico, Agostino, Aiuiihnle id altri dei Cariicci (Bologna, 1842), and the works cited for BoLO- ONESE School of P.inting, especially that of Janitseheck. CARRAGEEN, krir'ragen (so called from ( 'arniglict-M in Ireland), Cakkaoeen Mo.ss, Sea- -Mo.ss, or liiisii JI0.S.S. A seaweed, or rather several sjiecies of seaweed, used botli medicinally and as an article of food. The use of these sea- weeds appears to have been originally confined to the peasantry of the coasts of Ireland. They are, however, found on the rocky seashores of most parts of Europe, and of the eastern shores of North America, large quantities being gathered for market on the Slassachusetts coast. The spe- cies which principally constitutes the carrageen of commerce is' CliondrKx crispiis, of which the varieties ai'c remarkalily numerous. It is 2 to 12 inches long, branclicd by repeated forking, carti- laginous, tlexible, reddish-brown. After being collected, carrageen is washed, bleached by ex- posure to the sun, dried, and i)acked for the market. The chief nutrients are carbohdyrates, though more or less nitrogenous material is also present, as well as small amounts of other nutri- ents. When treated for ten minutes with cold water, in the proportion of half an ounce of carrageen to three i)ints of water, and then boiled and strained, it yields, with or williout spices, a very pleasant drink. With a larger proportion of carrageen, a thickish liquid or mucilage is obtained; and on boiling down this decoction, and cooling, a stiff jelly is procured. Milk may be cmi)Ioyed, instead of water, in the preparation of the various decoctions: and with the stronger one, along with sugar and spices, when cooled in a mold, a kind cif htanr mnnfie is obtained. Gelatin is manufactured from sea- moss. Other edible marine algse are dulse, or dylisk ( Ifliodi/mcnia piihiidta) ; sloke. or laver [Porphyra lacinala) : tangle {Laminaria diiji- iata), and many Japanese species. CARRARA, kar-rii'rA. A city of north Italy, in the Province of Massa e Carrara. .'! miles from the little seaport of Avenza, which is ;i2 miles north of Pisa, in a valley surrounded by the mar- ble hills to which it owes its celebrity (Map: Italy, E 3). From 400 quarries. 4.500 workmen cut and slii]) more than .*I.000.000 worth of mar- ble yearly, and 000 cpiarries in the ncighbnrliood help to swell the total. T'hc finest and whitest Italian marble, of which the most valuable varie- ties are Pidvaccio. Bettogli, and Crestola. is found in the valley of Torano. although in recent vears the bluish marl)le of Bardiglio has come