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CARTRIDGE. 270 CARTWRIGHT. of the breech ami into the mechanism pave trouble, and metallic cartridge-cases which served also to clicck the escape of gas had to be adopted. They were lir:^t of copper, with folded liead, in the riiu of which was the pnniing composition (rim-fire). In addition to danger of accidental discharge, the cases were weak where folded and sometimes burst. A folded-head case, with a cup to keep gas out of tlie fold, was then introduced ; and at the same time the composition was put opposite the centre of the head, resting on the cup ^hich formed an anvil on which it could be exploded (cup-auvil) . This was fol- lowed by a brass case with solid head, made in one piece by drawing. The primer was outside the case ina small cap. - "lies ,1 2JI4 ~SZ. . ^BB MXIC S.OS MIN. — — * (Dimeusions iu inches. ) BALL CAKTBIDGB FOB .30 CALIBltE TJ. B. MAaAJlNE BIFLE. a, solid lipad ease; b. bullet of lead with steel jacket; c, primer; d, charge (smokeless powder). Machine guns were made possible by metallic small-arms ammunition, and they in turn devel- oped it. Increasing in calibre and developing into the rapid-fire gun, they naturally continued to use metallic-case fixed ammunition. Difficul- ties of manufacture of the larger cases have been overcome, cases as large as desired being now drawn from one piece in dies, as are small-arms cases, while formerly the larger sizes had to be built up of drawn tubing riveted to the head. In the United States land and naval service, and as a seneral rule abroad, guns of five-inch calibre and less have cartridges of this sort. Six-inch guns have a metallic case for the powder-charge, but, on account of weiglit, the projectile is in- serted separately. Larger guns have the powder- charge put up" in bags, the projectile being geparatelv loaded. Eight-inch guns have the pow- der-charge put up in two sections ; ten and twelve- inch, in four for convenience in handling. See Ammunition. A bhink cartridge is one which does not con- tain a projectile. It is used for salutes, for practice, and for signals. A dummy cnrfridr/e contains no powder. It is used for drill purposes only. By practicing •with dummies instead of loaded cartridges the danger of handling the latter is avoided without mudi loss of efficiency in the drill, if the dum- mies arc properly designed. CARTRIDGE - PAPER. A strong paper, originally manufactured for soldiers' cartridges, and also" used by artists, its rough surface being useful for certain kinds of drawing; the name is also given to a class of wall-papers of similar texture. CART'WRIGHT, Edmind (1743-1823). An English clergviiiau. inventor of the power-loom, lie was bom -April 24, 1743, at Marnham, Not- tinghamshire, England. Educated at Oxford, he obtained a living in the English Church, and devoted him.self to his ministerial duties and to literature, until a casual conversation, in 17S4. directed his attention to machinery, and in 17.S5 he exhibited his first power-loom (see Loom), in an ingenious though very rude machine, upon which, however, he subscijuently elleclcd im- provements. Its introduction was vehemently opposed, and a mill fitted up with 400 of his looms was ignorantly and maliciously burned down. Cartwright, in 1781), took out a patent lor a wool-carding machine, and secured i)atent3 for various other improvements in manufacturing and other machinery. In 1707 he patented a steam-engine in which alcohol was the fuel em- ployed. He also assisted Itobert Fulton in his steamboat experiments. l!ut his patents yielded him little return, and in 1800 the British Gov- ernment, in consideration of bis iinentions, granted him £10,000. He died October, 1823. His daughter imldished a Life (London, 1843). CARTWRIGHT, JoUN (1740-1824). An English politician and pamphleteer, i)opularly known as JIajor Cartwright, and suruamcd 'Tlie Father of Reform.' He was a brother of Edmund Cartwright the inventor, and was born at Jlarn- ham, Nottingham, September 28. 1740. He en- tered the navy at eighteen; in 1758 was present at the capture of Cherbourg, and the following year fought in the action between Hawke and Conflans. Afterwards he went to the New-found- land station, and for five years ably discharged the duties of chief magistrate, to which he was appointed. At the outbreak of the American devolution, he espoused the cause of the Colonies ; declined to fight against them, resigned, and in 1774 published American Independence the Glory and Interest of Great Britain. He received an appointment as major in the Nottingham militia, but after seventeen years of service, partly on account of his sympathy with the Revolution in France, was superseded. With honesty of pur- pose, by voice and pen he worked for manhood suffrage, the ballot, annual Parliaments, the im- provement of national defenses, the liberties of Spain and Greece, and other pojuilar causes. In 1813 he was arrested tor plain-siicaking, but soon released, and in 1820 was indicted for sedition and fined f 100. He died September 23, 1824. In 1831 a monument by JlacdowcU was erected to his memory in Burton Crescent, London. His writings are comiirised in a list of eighty books and tracts given in The Life and Corre.ipondence of Major Vurtwriyht. edited by his niece, F. D. Cartwright (2 vols., London, 1826). CARTWRIGHT, Petek (178.5-1872). An American clergyman. He was born in Virginia, but in early lii'e settled in Kenlucky, where, in 180(5, he became a circuit-rider in the jMethodist Episcopal Church, and later a jjiesidiug elder, preaching everywhere tlirougliout Kentucky and Tennessee. In 1824 he rc'inoved to Illinois, where he continued his vork. He was a zealous worker, and in the course of thirty-three years preached as many as 1.5,000 sermons, and baptized 12,000 converts. He was widely known for his homely but powerful preaching," and interesting stories are told of his daring and romantic adventures among the rough backwoodsinen. Many of these can be found in his Fifhi Years a I'residing Elder, and in the Autohiofiraphy of Pcler Cart- icriqhl (New York, 1850). Consult, also, Stevens. Obnrrraliojui on Dr. Cartnripht and The Hiickiro<}ds Prcaehir (London, ISO!)). CARTWRIGHT, Sir Riciiakd .John (183.5 ). A Canadian statesman, born in Kingston, Ontario. He was educated at Trinity College,