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CARTWKIGHT. 271 CARtJS. Dublin, and on his return to Canada studied law, but reliuijuiihed its practice in order to eng-.ige in banking. He made a thorough study of financial questions, and in I8U3 entered public Hie as a Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly. He joined the Liberal Party in 1870, held the portfolio of finance in the -Mackenzie Ministry from 1873 to 1878, and in 18!1ti became Jlinister of Trade and Commerce in Sir Wilfrid Laurier's Cabinet. He was the first Canadian statesman of imiiortance to consider the subject of annexation to the United States as a practical question in Canadian politics. In 1808 he was a member of the Anglo-American Joint High Commission. CARTWKIGHT, Thomas (c.1535-1603). A Puritan leader of the time of Elizabeth. He was born in Hertfordshire, and studied divin- ity at Cambridge, being entered as siziir at Clare Hall in 1547, and elected to a scholar- ship at Saint John's College in 1550. Here he soon became an active defender of the new reli- gious doctrines which were then in the ascend- ency at Cambridge and of which Saint John's was the stronghold. During ilary's reign he was forced to discontinue his studies at the university, and became clerk to a counselor-at- law. Returning to Cambridge after the accession of Elizabeth, he came under the influence of the Puritan theologian Dr. James Pilkington, then master of Saint John's, from which college he received a fellowship in 1560. Two years later the major fellowship in Trinity was conferred upon him. In 156-1 he took part in a theological disputation before Queen Elizabeth, who, it is alleged, strongly favored his adversary. Five years later he became Lady Margaret professor of divinity; but in 1570 he was deprived of his professorship by Whitgift, then vice-chancellor, who was olfended by Cartwright's attacks on the hierarchy and government of the Established Church. The next year he lost his fellowship in Trinity by command of the same officer, and then made a visit to Geneva, where he met Theo- dore Beza, who greatly admired his learning. He returned to England in 1572 during the excite- ment caused by the publication of the famous Admonition to the Parliament, written by two London clergymen, John Field and Thomas Wil- cox. This book gave definiteness to the Puritan movement, presenting the Calvinistic system of Geneva as a model for reforms of the English Church. Cartwright gave aid and comfort to the authors, who were imprisoned, and defended the book in a second Admonition to the Parliament. To this. Whitgift produced an .l»!Si(cr, which was followed by another paper by Cartwright, at- tacking the forms and ceremonies of the Church, such as the use of the ring in the marriage celebration and the cross in baptism. An in- direct result of the controversy was the produc- tion of one of the most remarkable books of that fruitful age — Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity (con- sult introduction to edition bv Hanburv, Lon- don, 1830). In 1573 the Court of High Com- mission issued an order for Cartwright's arrest. -Accordingly, he fled to the Continent, where for a time he preached before the English congrega- tions in Antwerp and Middelbnrg. Eeturning without the Queen's consent in 1585, he was im- prisoned in the Fleet without legal warrant by the bigoted .ylmer. Bishop of London ; but he was presently set free. He wa» committed to the Fleet in 1590, and again in 1501, w'hen he refused to take the infamous oath ex ollicio. From his liberation in 15SI2 until his death in 1003, he appears to have escaped persecution; but, as sometimes alleged, there is no evidence that he changed his views. Consult: Isaac iladdox. Vindication of the Gov- ernment, Doctrine, and Worship of the Church of England Against Seal (London, 1733) ; Hallam, Constitutional History of England, Vol. I. (new ed., London, 1S7G) ; Dexter, Congregationalism [ Xew York, 1880) ; ilullinger. History of the Uni- versity of Cambriflge, Vol. II. (London, 1873-84) ; id., in Dictionary of Xationul liiography, IX. (Xew York, 1887) ; Cooper, Atkcnw Cantab., Vol. 11. (Cambridge, 1858-01): Strv])e, Annals (new ed., Oxford, 1824) ; id.. Life of Whitgift (Oxford, 1822) ; and for the eontroversj' over the Admoni- iion, Whitgift, Defense of the Answer, in his llorA-s (Cambridge, 1851-53), published by the Parker Society. CART"WrRiGHT, William (1611-43). An English poet and divine, born at X'orthway, near Tewkesbury. He graduated il.A. at Christ Church, Oxford (1635), took holy orders, became precentor of Salisbury Cathedral, and junior proctor of O.vford (1643), and died a few months later (Xovember 20). Cartwright was much beloved by many friends, among whom was King Charles. He is a good example of a once large class of 'florid and seraphical preachers.' He wrote several plays, of which the Ordinary, ridiculing the Puritans, has considerable interest. His Comedies, Tragi-Comedies with Other Poems were collected by Moseley (London, 1651). Con- sult Ward, English Poets, Vol. II. (London, 1881). CARUCATE, kar'd-kat (iled. Lat. carucata, from earuca, plow, Lat. carruca, carriage, from carrus, car), or Plowlaxd. In the mediajval manor, the land which could be tilled in a year by one plow with its eight oxen. The carucate was used as a unit of measure, but varied in different localities from 120 to 180 acres. See Hide. CARTJPANO, ka-rixF'pa-no. A seaport of the State of Bermudez, Venezuela, situated on the north side of the peninsula of Paria (Map: Venezuela, El). The town manufactures straw hats, ropes, soap, brandy, sugar, and earthen- ware, and is, besides, an export centre for cotton, {lye«()ods, cacao, and coffee. It is the residence of a I'nited States consular agent. Population, 10,000. CARUS, kii'rus, .Jtrurs Victor (1823-1903). A German zocWogist, born in Leipzig. August 25, 1823. He was custodian of the .Museum of Coni- jiarative .Anatomy at Oxford from 1840 to 1851. In 1853 he became professor of comparative anat- omy at Leipzig, where subsequently he was made professor extraordinarins of zoiilogy. His more important works are: Zur niihern Kenntniss des (Icnerationsncchsets (1840); .S'l/s/cni der tier- ischen Morphologie (1853): /cones Zootomicu: ( 1857). He also translated Darwin's works into German, and in 1878 became editor of the Zoo- logisehen Anzciger. CARTJS, Kaul Gl-stav (1789-1860). A Ger- man physician and physiologist, bom in Leipzig. He studied medicine at the university of his native city, and in 1814 was made professor of obstetrics at the Academy of Medicine and Sur-