Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/332

CASHEW NUT. 283 CASIMIR-PERIER. peculiarly ajrreeable flavor, and for this use it is sometimes imported into Great Britain. It is also, for the same reason, sometimes an in- gredient in chocolate. The fleshy stalk, some- times called the cashew apple, varies in size, and is white, yellow, or red. It is perfectly free from acridity, is acid and eatable, very pleasant and refreshing, and much used by the inhabi- tants of the countries in which the tree grows. A very pleasant vinous liquor is obtained from it by fermentation: and tliis, by distillation, yields a spirituous liquor which i* highly esteemed . "for its flavor. A gum wliidi exudes from the bark of the tree, quite distinct from the milky juice ah-eady mentioned, is bland, and very simi- lar to gum arable. For illustration, see Plate of Carnatiox.s. CASHGAR, kiish-gar'. See Kashgab. CASEIBO, kiislie'bo. A savage and cannibal tribe of Panoau stock, on the Pachitea tributary of the upi)er Ucayali. Peru. They are said to eat their old people at death, asserting that they do this in preference to having them become food for worms. Until recently they were at war with the whites and with all other tribes, having repeatedly killed the missionaries who attempted to civilize them. They are said to lie of remark- ably light complexion. The men are bearded, and wear long shirts. The women go entirely naked until after marriage. The name signifies a 'bat.' CASHIERING (OF. easser, to discharge, from Lat. c'(s.s«rf, to destroy, from cassiis, empty). The annulling or cancellation of the commission of a militarj' or naval officer, as a jiunishment. It is a very severe form of dis- missal from the service, and usually is not re- sorted to except in cases of disgraceful conduct. It absolutely precludes reinstatement. See Ar- ticles OF ^'AE. CASHMERE, kash-mer'. See Kashmib. CASH'MERE GOAT, or Shawl-gcat. See Goat. CASH REGISTER. See Calculating Machines. CASIMIR, kas'i-mer, properly Kazimierz. The name of a number of Polish princes and kings. — C'ASIMIR I., the Restorer, King of Poland (1034-58), was the son of the Polish King Jliecis- las II., and a German princess, Kixa, who ruled during Casimir's minority. She excited o[)posi- tion and the young Prince was driven from his throne (about 10:57). He was recafled, however, after a few years through the mediation of the German Emperor, Henry III. He strengthened Christianity in his dominions, which he enlarged by recovering Silesia from Bohemia. He married the daughter of Vladimir the Great of Russia. — Casimie II., known as the Just, was the youngest son of lioleslas 111. He ruled over re- united Poland from 1177 and died in 1194. Casi- niir showed himself an able ruler in defending the peasants from the opi)rcssion of the nobles. He died much beloved by his subjects. — C.^si.mik III., the Great, was born about 1310, and suc- ceeded his father, I-adislas Lokietek, as King of Poland, in 1333. His possessions were threat- ened by the Teutonic Knights and the King of Bohemia, but he succeeded in winning the friend- ship of both. He added Ked Russia to his dominions in 1341, and repelled the Tartars who threatened Poland. He gave the Bishop of Gali- eia the title of metropolitan. He develoi>«>d com- merce, protected the Jews and Germans, who made many settlements in his domains, and im- proved the condition of the peasants, so that he is known as King of the Peasants. In 1304 he founded the University of Cracow, after the model of Bologna, and it soon became the second university of Central Europe. He reconstructed the whole administration, and made Poland a power in Europe. He had three wives and two mistresses, one a .Jewess. Casimir was the last of the dynasty of the Piasts. — Casisiir IV. (1427- 92 ) , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithu- ania, was the son of Ladislas Jagellon. The Poles, after the death of King Ladislas III. in the disastrous battle of Varna, in 1444. invited his brother, Casimir. to accept the crown. This he did reluctantly in 1447. His detennination to strengthen the royal power led to a threat of deposition by the nobles, and from that time Poland became more and more an aristocracy. Casimir waged a long war with the Teutonic Knights, who were compelled in the Treaty of Thorn (14C6) to cede West Prussia to Poland and to render homage for East Prussia. In this reign Latin became the official language and part of the curriculum of the schools. Of his six sons, three succeeded each other on the throne of Poland, the eldest became King of lioliemia and Himgary, a second was made a cardinal, and a third was canonized bj- Paul V. CASIMIR-PERIER, ka'ze'mer' pA'ryS'. Jean Paul Piekee ( 1S47— ). President of the French Republic in 1894 and 1895. He was born in Paris, November 8, 1847. His father, Auguste Casimir-Perier, was ilini-ster of the Interior in the administration of Thiers, and his grand- father was Premier under Louis Philippe. Jean Paul Casimir - Perier was decorated with the Legion of Honor for his conduct in the Franco- Prussian War. After the war he entered the public service, and held office in the Depart- ment of the Interior, of which his father was then head. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1874, and from December, 1877, to .lanuary, 1879, served as under secretary in the Departments of Public Instruction and War. Because of the traditions of his family, he was regarded as having Orleanist leanings, but he always acted as a moderate re])ul>lican. In 1890 he was elected vice-president of the Cham- ber of Deputies, and in 1893 he became president of the Chamber, resigning DecemU'r 3, when he became president of the Council and Prime Min- ister under President Carnot. The ilinistry over which he presided distinguished itself by its firm attitude at a period of great disorder. He re- signed Way 22, 1894, and on June 27 he was elected, on the first ballot, to succeed the nmr- dered Carnot as President of the Republic. He surprised the world by resigning, Jainiary 15, iS95, and retiring from public life. He had been embarrassed by factional politics, and he chafed at the restrictions imposed by the French Con- stitution upon the President. His own minis- ters snubbed him, and even transacted important business of State without consulting him. Many rumors were in circulation afterwards connecting his resignation with the Dreyfus case, and com- plications with Germany growing out of the lat- ter. The ex-President appeared as a witness in the Zola trial, a sequel to the Dreyfus alfair. but the rulings of the court shut out all hi.*