Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/396

CATHEDRAL. 338 CATHETER. or provost. The ' dean,' the jiresent head of all Knglish cathedral chapters, tirst appears in the Tenth or Eleventh Century. Often, if the bishop's diocesan duties increa.sed and important political functions also were assi{;ned him, lie was obliged to leave the affairs of his cathedral to the head of the chapter. This is the explana- tion of the strange anomaly, sometimes witnessed in modern times, that in his own cathedral church the bishop has less authority than in any other church of his diocese. Under the bishop as its nominal head, the chapter of a fully organ- ized cathedral, formed of secular priests, con- sisted of four cliief dignitaries and a body of canons. I. The four high otlicers were : (1) the ' dean,' as the general head of the chapter cliarged with its internal discipline; (2) the precentor, presiding over the choir and musical arrange- ments; (3) the chancellor, who superintended the religious and literary instruction of the younger mendiers, took care of the library, and wrote the letters; (4) the treasurer, to whom were intrusted, not the money of the ohurcli (as might appear from the modern use of the word ), but its sacred vessels, altar furniture, reliciua- ries, and similar treasures. II. In addition to these dignitaries, a cathedral chapter consisted of a board of officers called canons ; some of them who enjoyed a separate estate (pra;benda) in ad- dition to their share of the corporate funds, were called prebendaries. In the Middle Ages an attempt was made to impose on them, in part, monastic rules with dining-liall and lodging- rooms in common; Ijut the restriction was never acceptable, and was gradually given up. Mo- nastic cathedrals closely resembled other mon- asteries, except that in the almost constant ab- sence of the bishop — their nominal abbot — they were governed by a prior. At the Reformation the distinction between secular and monastic cathedrals was maintained under the titles of cathedrals of the old and new foundations. At present, all dioceses of the Koman Catholic Church in the United States, and many dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal Church, have cathe- drals. The finest specimen of cathedral archi- tecture at present existing in this country is Saint Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral, in New York City, begun in 1$.5S and practically completi'd in lt<SO, at a cost of some $:i, 500,000. It will, however, be surpassed in size and in mag- nificence by the new Protestant Episcopal Cathe- dral of Saint John the Divine, now in process of erection on Cathedral Heights, New York City. CATHEDRAL. The. A poem by James Rus- sell Lowell, published in Boston in ISti'J. It is a description of a day spent before the famous cathedral in Chartres, Fiance. CATHELINEAU, ka't' Ifrnj', Jacques ( 1750- y;i). A IcMder iif the insurgents in La VendC'e during the French Revolution. He was born in very huml)le life, at I'in-en-ilauges, in the De- partment of Maine-et-IiOire. For two years be- fore the Vendean insurrection broke out at Saint- Florent, Cathelineau was busy organizing the l)easants and jiroviding them with weapons. When the open conflict came, he led a body of 300(J men, and In company with Bonchamp and Elbees captured several towns. .Vfter the vie tory of Saunuir (q.v.), the council of generals appointed him. as having the greatest influence over his countrymen, commander-in-<'hief. He immediately determined to make an attack upon Nantes, and managed to penetrate into the town, where he was wounded by a muskct-l)all, where- upon his trooi)S dispersed. He was carried to .Saint-Florent, where he died July 11, 17SI.!. He was a man of great simplicity and honesty of character, and for his piety was called the Saint of Anjou. Consult La Porte, L/i tc'/enili ik Va- thetimau (Paris, l«t3). CATH'ERINE. See Cathakixe. CATHERINE. A novel by ■Villiam Make- peace Thackeray, published in Fiasfi-'s ^/a(Jll:iue in lSo9-40, under the nuin-ile-jilume of Ikey Solomons. The work was designed to counteract the injurious influence of some of the popular sensational fiction of the day, which took heroes from the criminal classes. The heroine of the tale had a prototype in one Catherine Hayes, who was burned at Tyburn, in n2(i.' for the de- liberate nuirder of her husband under the most revolting circumstances. CATHERINE-'WHEEL (from the image of Saint Catharine represented as being martyred on the wheel). An heralilic device which is fre- quently used as a charge in coats of arms, when it is represented with teeth. CATH'ERWOOD, Mary Hartwell (1847- 1902 ) . An American novelist, born at Luray, Ohio. After graduating from the Female College at Granville, Ohio. (1S()8),' she settled at Xewburg- on-the-Hudson, nhere she began writing 'Stories for the magazines. To this period belong .several good novels, among which may be cited ('mcqiie 11^ Doom (ISSl). Soon after her marriage to James S. Catherwood, of Hoopeston, III., she began a series of very successful historical ro- mances illustrating French, Canada. They com- prise mainly The Jiomance of Dolluril (1880) ; 'J'lie. Siori/ of Ton! I/, into which is introduced La Salle (1890) ; 'J'h'e JmcIi/ of Fort Sainl John (1891) ; The Chase of 'Saint Ciisliii, miil Olhir Sinries of the French i'« the New World (1894) ; and Mariniic and Lake Stories, dealing with the mixed settlements in the islands of the Great Lakes (1899). In a similar manner, Mrs. Cather- wood wrote of Illinois and the neighboring States in Old Kosbisk-ia (1893) ; The Spirit of an Illinois Town, a delightful story of two gen- erations ago (1897) ; Little Renault (1897) ; S/ianish Pei/gi/ (1899) ; 'J'he Queen of the Swawp, and Other Plain Americans, a collection of short stories of life in the Middle AVest a century ago (1899) ; and Lazarre (1901). She also made a careful and appreciative study of the Maid of Orleans in The Dai/s of Jeanne iJ'Arc (1897). Mrs. Catherwood's interest in French North America naturally led her from fiction to history. Her Heroes of the Middle West (1898) is an ac- count of 'the French occupation from 1073 to 176J. CATH'ETER (Lat., from Gk. Ko9fTijp. hithe- ter, from /caflfTo's, l.athelns, lowereil. perpendicu- lar, from Kara, kala, down -}■ I'tVoi, hirnai, to send). A surgical instrument in the form of a tube, used for insertion into a miu'ous canal. The term is generally applied to a tube used to pass through the urethra into the bladder, for the purpose of drawing the urine; but there is also a catheter which is passed through the Eus- tachian tube from the naso-pliarynx into the middle ear, and a catheter which is passed from the bladder through the ureter into the pelvis of tlie kidney, etc. Urinary catheters are made