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CAVALRY. 374 CAVE. (McClellan) packed with blanket, greatcoat rolled, side lines, picket-pin, canteen, meat-can, knife, fork, and spoon, forage-sack, spare shoes, etc. In the last thirty years Russia has increased her cawilrv by 212, Austria by 105, France by 70, and Germany by 21 squadrons. BlBLlocRAPHY. For additional information on the history and organization of cavalry the reader may be referred to a number of works. Those of a popular character, which can be recommended, are: .Jerram, Armies of the IFor/d (London and New York, 1900) ; Wood, Aehieve- ments of Caralry (London, 1897) ; Koemer, Cavalry: Its History, Maiiancment, and Uses in War (New York. 18G3) ; Dodge, Jiidcrs of Many Lands (New York, 18941 ; and the various issues of The Journal Military Scrviec Institution (Governor's Island, X. Y., 1885-1901). Other works of a more technical nature are: Oman, Art of y'ar in the Middle Ages (London. 1885) ; von Bismarck, Tactics of Cavalry (London, 1827) : Nolan. Caralri/: Its History and Tactics (London, 1800) : Brackett. History of the United Utatcs Cavalry (Xew York, 18G5) ; French, Cavalry in Modern ^'ar (London, 1884) ; Hohen- lohe-InLrellingen, Conversations on Cavalry (Lon- don, 1897) ; Wagner, Cavalry Studies from Two Great ^yars (Kansas City, 1896) ; De Brack, Cavalry Outpost Duties "(Xew York, 1893) ; Journal United Stales Cavalry Association (Leavenworth. Kan.. 1890-96) ; Military Notes — Division Military Information (Adjutant-Gen- eral's Office. Washington, 1901). The part played by cavalry in the organization of a mod- em" anny will i)e found treated fully in the article Army Orgaxizatiox, which should be read in this connection. The use of the arm in modem military operations and the general tactics under which it operates are discussed under Tactics, MiLiTjUiT, where a section is de- voted to the tactics of cavalry. See also AsiiiES. CAVALRY AND LIGHT ARTILLERY SCHOOL, I'NiTEn States. A pnu-licul scliool of application for ollicers of the cavalry and light artillery arms of the United States Army. The curriculum of the school includes all that per- tains to the art and science of war, so far as regards the cavalry and artillery. Improvements in equipment and tactics, or the application of new principles affecting either branch of the service, are here tested, reported upon, and formulated to the army at large. It is to the officers concerned what West Point is to the cadet. The school is located at Fort Kiley, Kan., and is governed by special regulations of the War Department. Included in the school proper i< a subschool of practice for both cav- alri' and light artillery, the troops stationed there consisting usually of not more than three squadrons of cavalry' and five batteries of artil- lery; the personnel is still further augmented by the addition of such other officers and enlisted men as may be there assigned for instruction. The commandant is required to be a colonel of cavalry, but in his absence the nc.t senior officer of either arm may conmiand. The direc- tor of the subschool for cavalry' is the senior officer of cavalry present; and similarlv the senior officer nf artillery pertdniis the duties of director of the artillerv subschool. The staff of the school consists of the commandant and all field officers of artillery and cavalry present at the post. According to a general order issiied June 2.5, 1902, these regulations were supple- mented as follows : The commanding officer of the battalion of field artillery, and the captains of the batteries of field artillery stationed at the post, constitute a board known as "Tlie Field Artillery Board.' to which may be referred, from time to time, all subjects concerning the opera- tions of artillery in the field, upon which the conunanding general of the army may desire its opinions and recommendations. The adjutant of the artillery subpost acts as recorder of the board. CAVALRY SCREEN. One of the most im- portant duties of ca^■alr^• is to obscure and cover the designs or direction of the army for which they are acting as a screen. A regiment of cavalry thus employed would be from S to 15 miles in advance of the mam army; three squad- rons in advance, and one in support. The suc- cess of the German troops during the war of 1870 was greatly facilitated by the conspicuous efficiency of the Lilian cavalry in this particular branch of cavalry service. See Advance Guard; and Tactics, Miutart. CAV'AN. An inland county in the south of Ulster, Ireland (ilap: Ireland. D 3). It lies in the narrowest part of Ireland, 20 miles from the Atlantic, and 18 miles from the Irish Sea. Area. 740 square miles. About three-fourths is arable, and considerable quantities of grain are produced. Of minerals, Cavan affords coal, iron, lead, and copper, and there are many mineral springs. Agriculture forms the chief industry, but linen is manufactured to a considerable ex- tent. The capital is the little town of Cavan. Population, in 1841, 243,260; in 1851, 174.260; in 1891, 111,917: in 1901, 97,350. CAVANILLES, kii'va-nelyis, Antonio ( 1805- 04). A Spanish historian and jurist. He was born at Corunna, and was educated at Alcali. His greatest work is the Historia de Espaha (1861-63), a history of Spain to the reign of Philip 11. It combines conciseness and clear- ness with elocjuence of diction and is ranked among the best works of its kind. CAVATINA, kti'va-te'na (It., short air, arietta) . A vocal, generally an operatic, air, usu- ally sentimental in character and dilTeritig from the aria (q.v. ) in consisting of one division only and in maintaining the same tempo throughout. Snlut dcmcure in Gounod's Faust is a familiar example of a cavatina. CAVAZZOLA, ka'va-tsfi'la, Paolo (prop- erly Paolo Mobando) (1486-1522). An Italian painter, the peculiar representative of the Vero- nese school. His manner is simple and dignified, his coloring often vivid. His works include "Clirist and Thomas," "The Crown of Thorns," and "The Descent from the Cross" (all in the museum in Verona ) . CAVE, or CAVERN (OF. care, eaire, from Lat. eavea, cave, from Lat. cams, hollow. Gk. Kvapj Uyar, hole, from kIuv, kyein, to swell, to contain ) . A hollow place in the earth's crust. Aside from the subterranean excavations made by man. caves are produced by the fracture and dislocation of strata during periods of upheaval, by the action of water, or by both causes com- bined. The eroding and dissolving power of water has formed caverns along river-courses