Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/44

CALGABY. 30 surrounded by Bow and Elbow rivers, and backed on three sides by lofty Iiills above which are seen the Koeky jMountaiiis. It is an important dis- tributing point for freight and the chief supply station for the nioiuitain mining districts. It sliips large quantities of cattle, shce]), and horses, and has a large trade in furs and hides. Its industries include the railway works of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, leather-making, soap- works, and brewing. The town is largely built of a light-gray stone. It contains churches, banks, good hotels, and schools, some costly pub- lic and private buildings, water-works, electric lights, and a good sewer system. It is one of the chief stations of the Northwest Mounted Police. The large Sarcee Indian Reserve lies to the southwest of the town. Population, in 1891, 3876; in 1901. 4866. Consult Calgary Alberta (Calgary, 1900). CALHOUN, krd-hoon', .John Cai.d%vell ( 1 782- 1850). An American statesman, of Scotch-Irish descent, and Vice-President of the United States, He was the third son of Patrick and JIartha (Caldwell) Calhoun, and was born in the Abbe- ville District (now county). South Carolina, March 18, 1782, Though early of a meditative dis- position, he had, owing to the moderate circum- stances of his family, little regular schooling, >and he was 18 before be began the systematic study under his brother-in-law which fitted him in 1802 to enter the junior class at Yale, He graduated in 1804 with high honors, and then having stud- ied law, jjartly in Charleston, he began to prac- tice in Abbeville in 1807. He was soon sent to the State Legislature, and in 1811 was elected to Congress — the same year marrying a second cousin, Floride Calhoun, who had a moderate fortune. He sided with Clay and the Aar party in Congress, and on account of his strong per- sonality came quickly to the front. He was dis- tinctly nationalistic in his polities at this time, laying himself open to a charge of inconsistency when he later became a leader of the strict con- structionists. In 1816 he was in favor of a na- tional bank, advocated a strengthening of the navy for defense, and favored, as a means of binding together the widely spread Republic, not only internal improvements in the shape of per- manent roads, but also a protective tariff. Cal- lioun became Secretary of War in ilonroe's Cabi- net in jVlarch, 1817, showing marked ability in the administration of a department then in the utmost disorder. He prepared, at the request of the House, a noteworthy report on roads and canals, and drew up one on Indian afl'airs which has received great praise. The army was re- duced, and Calhoun's reorganization of it i)roved so satisfactory that his system was adhered to by his successors. In 1820 he favored the ilis- souri Compromise. He was now mentioned as a candidate for the Presidency, but General Jack- son proved more popular, and CallKuin was elected Vice-President in 1824, with the support of the two principal parties. Turning to .lack- son's side, in opposition to .danis, he was again elected in 1828, The jiassing of the 'Tariff of Abominations' of 1828, the protective features of which bore hard on the agricultural State of South Carolina, was the occasion of Calhoun's preparing a pa])cr setting forth the claims of State sovereignty. This document was issued by the Legislature of bis State, and is known as the "South Carolina Exposition." A definite break CALHOUN. with Jackson followed the President's discovery that Calhoun had sought to call him to account for his course in the Seminole War, Then, when Jackson tried, with the aid of ]Iartin Van Buren, to reinstate in Washington society the notorious Mrs. Eaton, Callioun refused to co- operate with }iim, thus widening the breach. Jackson's hold on the people was so great that he could dictate his successor, and Calhoun's chances of becoming President were now gone. When Calhoun became convinced that the re- peal of the protective tariff could not be se- cured through .Jackson, he published, .July 26, 1831, a manifesto, carrying on the argument of the "Exposition," repeating his arguments for free trade, and asserting the right of the States to nullify such Federal laws as they considered unconstitutional. South Carolina re- garded the tariff modifications of 1830 as being a compromise in fact, but a reassertion of the principle of protection. On August 28, 1832, Cal- houn w rote to Goxernor Hamilton, of South Caro- lina, giving the final statement of his doctrine, asserting that "there is no direct and immediate connection between the individual citizens of a State and the general (iovcrnment," and that "the great conservative principle" of union is nullification. When the South Carolina <-onven- tion, on November 24, 1832, passed an ordinance nullifying the tariff, Calhoun immediat*"ly re- signed the Vice-Presidency and entered the Sen- ate. By a eomjiromise, engineered by Clay, a conflict was avoided; South Carolina won the particular point as to the tariff, but failed to se- cure the establishment of nullification as a prin- ciple. Acting with the Whigs, but still inde- pendent, Calhoun now became a scathing critic of Jackson's administration, though never allowing personal animus to appear; he eondenmed se- verely .Jackson's removal of the public Government deposits from the United States National Bank, and his development of the spoils system. Fore- seeing more clearly than any one else the conflict between the North and the South on the slav- ery question, he sought to avert it by checking all discussion of the issue. When, after the financial crisis of 1837, Van Buren proposed the "sub-treasury scheme," by which the United States avoids all connection with banks and con- trols its own de-ijosits, Calhoun supported the President, much to the chagrin of the ^'higs, with whom he had been acting. He was in favor of Van Buren's reelection, and secured for him the vote of Soutli Carolina. When Tyler, who became President on the death of Harrison, ve- toed the bill for rechartering the United States Bank, Calhoun defended him; he dcuounceii the tariff of 1842 and supported the Webster-Ash- burton treaty. After having declined reelection to the Senate in 1843, he was, in March of the next year, through a clever move on the part of Henry A. Wise, ap])ointed Secretary of State by Tyler, and was chiefly instrumental in bring- ing about the annexation of Texas, in order to extend slave territory, thus practically necessi- tating a war, which be strove later to avert. In 184.5 he was again in the Senate. In order to check the anti-slavery movement at the North, he proposed in 1847 a convention of Southern States, to prevent Northern commerce from en- tering their ports. Slavery he had come to advo- cate as a ])ositive good. In 1849 he proposed a Southern cimveiitioti, to set forth the grievances