CERAMBYCIDiE. 434 CERAUNIAN MOUNTAINS. may live fortylivo years; Imt il is not certain whether this iirolongation of life takes place in the pupal or larval stage — probably the latter, as larvic entombed in ilried wood are so ixiorly nourished that they must reach maturity slowly. Several kinds of these beetles produce sound bj' stridulation, and some even possess two sets of stridulating organs. Several species greatly re- semble llymenoptera in appearance and behavior. The family is subdivided into three subfamilies — the PrioniniV, Cerambvcinie, and l.amiin;r. The Prionina' are the largest of the longhorns and have a thin, toothed margin on tlic Ihorax: the gnibs infest the roots of the grape, apple, ])ear. poplar, |iiiu', and other trees. Of the tyi)ical C'eramhycina', 400 species occur in the United States, and adults may be found freqiently on the goldenrod. feeding on the pollen. The locust- borer iCyllene rohiniw) and the oak-pruner {Elaphadion villosum) , elsewhere described, are examples. Of the Lamiina-, one form, the 'saw- yer,' does much harm to pine-trees: another de- structive genus is Sapcrda, injurious to apples, raspberries, etc. The various bright-red beetles on milkweed also belong to this subfamily. For a synopsis of the classification and descriptive tables of genera, etc.. consult l.eng. liuUcjin lirookli/n Entomolofiiral fiocirly. Vol. "11. (Brooklvn. 1S84), continued in Kiiloiiiotofiku A„i<rl,-nni. Vols. I.-IV. (Brooklyn. ISSS-.Sit). CERAMIC (Fr. cframiqxte, from Gk. xepa/u- k6s, kenniiilcos, ceramic, from kVpa/ws, heniiiws, ])olter's clay). A term used to designate the department of plastic art which comprises all objects made of clay, including terracotta, ])orce- lain. and all other forms of pottery (q.v.l. CER'AMI'CUS (Lat., from Gk. KepaiieiK6s, Kcridiii ihos. irviu Kepap^is, kerameus, potter. from K^pa/ios, kerdiiiiis, jjotter's clay). The pot- ters' quarter at Athens, which was divided into the Outer and Inner Ceramicus. In the Outer Ceraniicus were buried those who had fallen in battle, and hence were honored by the State with a public funeral and a monument. For an ac- count of this ceremony, consult Thucydides, Bk. II., trans, by Jowett (London, 1881). CERAR'GYRITE (from Gk. K^pos, keras, horn -(- dp; vpir-q!. ur'^ii/rltf's, made of silver, from ipyvpos, (iiiiyron. silver). A valuable ore of silver ( .gCl ) that crystallizes in the isometric system, and in color is light gray to light green. It is found largely in Peru. Chile, and Mexico, where the mineral occurs of a greenish color with native silver: also in the Ural Mountains, and in Norway. In the United States it occurs in various localities in Colorado. Nevada, and Utah. This mineral is usually found in veins of clay slate, accompanied with other ores of silver, and chiefly in the higher parts of such veins. CERAS'TES (Lat, Gk. Ktpao-TTjs, kerastes, horned snake, from /t^pot, kerns, horn). A genus of viperine serpents of northern Africa and Arabia, characterized especially by "the presence in the male, and sometimes in the female, of a pair of scale-covered, horn-like processes above the eyes." There are two species, called horned vipers. Sec X'll'KH. CERAS'TIUM. See Ciiicrweed. CE'RATE (Lat. ceratum, wax plaster, from ciiatus. p.p. of 'Kiare, to wax, from cera, wax). . compound of wax with oily and niedieiiuil sub- stances in such proportions as to have the con- sistency of an unguent (q.v.). Cerates are inter- mediate between ointments and plasters, and their consistency should l* such that when spread ujion leather or cloth at ordinary tem- peratures and applied to the skin they will not be melted by its lieat. CERAT f 0CAR1D.a: ( Xeo-Uat. noni. pi., from Gk. /cepdnoi'. keratiun, dim. of nc^pas, keras, horn + KapU, karis, shrimp). A family of inter- esting Paleozoic Crustacea, of the order Phyllo- carida, members of a group of synthetic forms that are intermediate l>etveen the Phyllopoda nn one hand and the JIalacostraca on the other. Sec Cltl .S 1 ACK.V ; PllYLLOCARinA. CERATITES, sfr'S-tl'tez (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. K4pa%, kcnis, horn). A genus of di.scoid ammonoidean cephalopod shells, found as fossils in the Triassie rocks of Europe and America, rhe principal points of distinction are alTorded by the broad low saddles and the short narrow simple lobes of the suture-line. The form of the suture-line of this genus is often used as typical of one of the stages through which the sutures of the higher Aninuuioidea pass in their evolution from the simple curve of the early nautiloids to the complex sutures of the later
- iminonoids. See CEPHALOPODA; AMMONITES.
CER'ATO'DUS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Kipa^, keras, horn -|- dSovs, odous, tooth ) . A fish. See Bakka.mumi.v. CER'ATO'NIA. See Cakob. CERATO'SA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. K^pas, keras, horn I . An order or grou|) of sponges, in which the skeleton consists of clastic tibres of a horny substance (spongin). The toilet sponges are examples. See Sponge. CER'ATOSAU'RtrS (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. K^pas. krnis, horn + aaOpos, sauros, lizard). A carnivorous dinosaur from the upper .Jurassic deposits of Colorado, distinguished from all other dinosaurs by the horn on the front of its skull. The animal was about 18 or 20 feet long with the hinder part of the trunk, and also the tail, heavily built. Its head was rather large, and besides the single horn on the nose there was a prominent bony ridge in front of each eye. The teeth were numerous and well fitted for cutting and chewing flesh. The neck was short and thick. The fore limbs were remarkably small and were probably of no aid in locomotion, though the beast niaj' have used them for holding food while eating. In contrast with the tiny fore limbs, the hind limbs were large and ])owcrful, and were armed with sharp retractile claws. The feet were digitigrade, that is they rested on the ends of the fingers instead of on the palms. The ])elvic bones are peculiar in that they are anky- losed or joined together by the soldering of the joints. The pubes are long and are united at their ends to form a solid, massive piece, which probably served as an aeeessoiy support for the animal while resting. Another point of pecu- liarity is the form of the vertebral centra, which are Hat on their anterior and concave on their posterior faces. Only a single species, Ccralo- saurtis uasieornis. is knowTi to belong to this genus. See DiNOSAfRlA. CERAU'NIAN MOUNTAINS (Gk. to Ke- paivia iipii, la Keraiiiiia liari. from Kipavvic, ke- raunos, thunder, from their frequent storms).
